<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Energy, A.I., Green Tech, Networks and Nanosystems]]></title><description><![CDATA[My personal Substack about integration of energy, network theory, nanotechnology, trading, artificial intelligence and automation]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2PBh!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb138923-97ed-4453-8704-f30889cbbd8f_960x960.png</url><title>Energy, A.I., Green Tech, Networks and Nanosystems</title><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 14:11:26 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[joseluischavezcalva@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[joseluischavezcalva@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[joseluischavezcalva@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[joseluischavezcalva@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Cooling Cities from Below]]></title><description><![CDATA[Evaluating District Cooling Networks as a Response to Rising Heatwaves]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/cooling-cities-from-below</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/cooling-cities-from-below</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 18:44:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 7-august-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:264983,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/210256463?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CvRO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e1a58b-227e-446d-8d44-a31fddc72257_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Europe has become the world&#8217;s fastest-warming continent. Successive heatwaves in recent summers, including the intense events of June and July 2026, have placed severe strain on cities. Estimates linked to the June period alone point to more than 20,000 excess deaths across the region, with older people and those living in dense urban neighbourhoods particularly affected. Only around one in five European households currently has air conditioning. Dense building fabric, limited green space and the urban heat-island effect amplify temperatures further. Individual air-conditioning units, installed as a private response, reject heat directly into streets and can raise local temperatures by several tenths of a degree or more when widely adopted. They also increase peak electricity demand and contribute to refrigerant and carbon emissions.</p><p>These pressures have prompted renewed interest in centralised alternatives. District cooling, already operating at scale in a handful of cities, is one option under active discussion. It does not eliminate the need for careful planning or complementary measures such as building insulation and urban greening, and the practical difficulties of widespread adoption remain substantial. The following examination draws on recent operational experience, technical data and systems analysis to assess its potential contribution.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp" width="1456" height="1030" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1030,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy" title="Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gM1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16275f30-6d67-41e2-b872-0390ab910f6b_4961x3508.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://eu-space.europa.eu/components/earth-observation-copernicus/image-of-the-day/urban-heat-island-effect-brussels-belgium-during-late-june-2026-heatwave">eu-space.europa.eu</a></p><h3>How District Cooling Systems Operate</h3><p>District cooling centres on the production of chilled water at one or more central plants, typically cooled to 5&#8211;7 &#176;C. Insulated underground pipes then carry the water to connected buildings. Inside each building a heat exchanger transfers the cold into the local air-handling system, functioning in reverse of a conventional radiator. Warmer return water is sent back to the plant for re-chilling.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png" width="980" height="690" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:690,&quot;width&quot;:980,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Customer Mechanical Interface | District Energy&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Customer Mechanical Interface | District Energy" title="Customer Mechanical Interface | District Energy" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!foRp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff9472713-a235-4154-8120-1ffd5ddb0246_980x690.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.districtenergy.com/services/how-it-works/customer-mechanical-interface/">districtenergy.com</a></p><p>Many systems incorporate thermal storage tanks or ice banks. These allow production of chilled water or ice during periods of lower electricity demand or higher renewable generation, with discharge during daytime peaks. Free cooling draws on naturally cold sources when available: river or lake water, seawater, or even flooded mine workings. Ambient-temperature loops, which circulate water closer to outdoor temperatures, can further raise the efficiency of heat pumps by reducing the required temperature difference. The overall arrangement concentrates refrigeration equipment, reduces the need for individual chillers on every rooftop or basement, and opens the possibility of integrating waste heat or renewable sources at the plant level.</p><h3>Scale and Experience from Dubai</h3><p>In climates of sustained extreme heat, district cooling has moved beyond pilot schemes. Empower, the largest district-cooling provider by capacity, operates a network that by mid-2026 delivered roughly 1.7 million refrigeration tonnes of connected capacity, equivalent to around 6 GW of refrigeration. The system serves nearly 1,800 buildings across developments including Business Bay, the Dubai International Financial Centre and residential clusters. Reports indicate electricity savings approaching 50 per cent and carbon-dioxide reductions of around 40 per cent relative to conventional building-level chillers. Treated sewage effluent supplies much of the process water, thermal storage manages peaks, and the infrastructure has been planned in parallel with urban expansion. In a setting where outdoor temperatures regularly exceed 45 &#176;C, the network functions as essential utility infrastructure rather than an optional amenity. The experience demonstrates technical feasibility at large scale under continuous high demand, though the institutional and financial conditions of rapid, state-supported development differ from those prevailing in most European cities.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg" width="1018" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:1018,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Trans Gulf Electromechanical LLC - District Cooling Plant At Business Bay -  Empower&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Trans Gulf Electromechanical LLC - District Cooling Plant At Business Bay -  Empower" title="Trans Gulf Electromechanical LLC - District Cooling Plant At Business Bay -  Empower" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KpJe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6798d252-0264-40e8-9c66-a553f6ba1124_1018x545.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.transgulfem.com/what-we-do/district-cooling-plant-at-business-bay-empower">transgulfem.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg" width="668" height="459" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:459,&quot;width&quot;:668,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Empower delivers Business Bay contract - Utilities Middle East&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Empower delivers Business Bay contract - Utilities Middle East" title="Empower delivers Business Bay contract - Utilities Middle East" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hP1K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcedb851e-22f5-41dd-88ce-67845aa4d25e_668x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.utilities-me.com/news/article-187-empower-delivers-business-bay-contract">utilities-me.com</a></p><h3>European Examples and Results So Far</h3><p>Europe already possesses extensive district-heating networks that serve more than 77 million people. The same corridors, tunnels and institutional knowledge can support cooling systems. Approximately 200 district-cooling networks operate across the continent, concentrated in France and Sweden.</p><p>Paris hosts one of the largest. The Fra&#238;cheur de Paris network comprises roughly 120 km of pipes and supplies chilled water to about 850&#8211;900 buildings, including the Louvre, major museums, offices, hotels and an increasing number of public facilities. Fourteen production plants and ice-storage sites support the system. Electricity consumption and emissions are reported at approximately half those of equivalent individual systems. Free cooling from the Seine is used when river temperatures permit, although return-water limits near 30 &#176;C constrain this contribution during prolonged heat. Expansion plans aim for around 245 km of network and 3,000 connected buildings by 2042, with priority given to hospitals, schools, day-care centres and care homes.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg" width="1456" height="954" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:954,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Paris aims to expand urban cooling system that uses Seine River water |  Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Paris aims to expand urban cooling system that uses Seine River water |  Reuters" title="Paris aims to expand urban cooling system that uses Seine River water |  Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fOL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c92caf6-0c9c-46bf-9f08-60dc817d7c8e_3858x2527.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/paris-aims-expand-urban-cooling-system-that-uses-seine-river-water-2023-09-04/">reuters.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg" width="1200" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kind of miracle solution': How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace  air-con | Extreme heat | The Guardian&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kind of miracle solution': How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace  air-con | Extreme heat | The Guardian" title="Kind of miracle solution': How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace  air-con | Extreme heat | The Guardian" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2tf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412b79b9-4f0d-464e-97cd-4cf17910b81f_1200x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/underground-revolution-seine-cooling-network-paris-buildings-heat">theguardian.com</a></p><p>In Marseille the Massileo and Thassalia seawater networks together span several kilometres and deliver both heating and cooling. Operators report CO&#8322; reductions approaching 80 per cent relative to fossil-based alternatives. Geneva draws cold water from deep levels of Lake Geneva for its GeniLac system. Vienna&#8217;s district-cooling network, now exceeding 30 km, experiences demand increases of up to 60 per cent on days around 35 &#176;C; the city is investing tens of millions of euros to expand capacity and add ice storage, partly powered by waste heat from energy-from-waste facilities.</p><p>These examples show that systems can operate reliably in European conditions and deliver measurable efficiency gains, yet coverage remains limited mainly to commercial and public buildings in dense districts.</p><h3>Potential Benefits in Energy, Emissions and Urban Climate</h3><p>When compared with typical in-building chillers, district cooling often achieves roughly twice the efficiency or half the operating cost. Peak electricity demand is reduced because central plants and storage can shift load. Refrigerant inventories and chemical use fall. Buildings free rooftop and basement space previously occupied by individual equipment. Waste heat is rejected at central points rather than dispersed into streets, moderating the contribution of cooling to the urban heat island. Integration with renewable electricity, waste-heat recovery from data centres or industrial processes, and free cooling from natural sources further improves the carbon profile. Public-health benefits arise from reliable cooling of hospitals, care homes and schools without the secondary heating of surrounding streets.</p><h3>Practical Challenges and Limitations</h3><p>Capital costs are high. Digging streets and laying insulated pipes commonly runs into hundreds of millions of euros for city-scale networks. Construction causes temporary disruption. The technology performs best where cooling demand is dense and relatively continuous; sparse residential areas raise the unit cost of connection. Residential penetration remains low across Europe. Environmental constraints appear during prolonged heatwaves: river or lake free cooling loses effectiveness as water temperatures rise and regulatory return-temperature limits bind. Financing models, regulatory frameworks for shared infrastructure, and questions of equitable access (who connects first and how costs are allocated) require resolution. The EU Energy Efficiency Directive already obliges larger municipalities to prepare local heating-and-cooling plans, creating a policy opening, yet political will and long-term capital remain decisive.</p><h3>Network Analysis of Resilience: The Paris Case under Heatwave Peaks</h3><p>The Fra&#238;cheur de Paris network provides a concrete case for examining performance under the simultaneous stresses of the 2026 heatwaves: near-simultaneous demand spikes across hundreds of buildings and reduced free-cooling capacity from a warmer Seine. The system can be represented as a directed capacitated flow network.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png" width="1456" height="632" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:632,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:612480,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/210256463?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBr1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4520fb9e-dbbd-4f6e-9516-2a79295838d4_6409x2780.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>What follows is a general explanation of what a Network Analysis would entail. Nodes comprise production plants with finite refrigeration capacity, free-cooling intakes, storage tanks, pipe junctions and building clusters as demand sinks. Edges represent pipe segments characterised by maximum flow (determined by diameter, pressure and insulation), length and thermal losses. Flows obey conservation and capacity constraints.</p><p>Under simultaneous peak demand, maximum-flow calculations can be compared with estimated total cooling load to quantify any shortfall and the degree of reliance on storage and mechanical chillers. The max-flow min-cut theorem identifies critical pipes or plants whose capacity most constrains delivery, particularly to high-priority sinks such as hospitals. Betweenness centrality ranks junctions and segments according to the volume of flow that would be forced to reroute if they failed, highlighting single points of vulnerability. Scenario analysis of a plant outage combined with a major pipe rupture during a multi-day heat event indicates the volume of load that would require shedding or prioritisation. Topology metrics (number of independent paths, algebraic connectivity) allow comparison of the present partly radial layout with more meshed or reservoir-style designs that improve redundancy. For the planned expansion to approximately 245 km and 3,000 buildings, Steiner-tree or multi-objective spanning-tree methods weighted by trenching cost and demand priority (hospitals and care homes first) can guide efficient and resilient growth paths.</p><p>Academic work on graph algorithms for district-heating and cooling plant siting, pipe-layout optimisation and reliability under thermal dynamics supplies the methodological foundation. The analysis shows where reinforcement of critical edges or addition of loops would most improve resilience under climate extremes, turning a general infrastructure discussion into concrete guidance for operators and city planners.</p><h3>Paths Forward for European Cities</h3><p>Further progress depends on prioritising connections to vulnerable facilities, developing hybrid heating-and-cooling networks that share corridors with existing district heating, introducing demand-response pricing, and expanding free-cooling and renewable integration. Residential rollout will require lower-cost connection methods and supportive regulation. District cooling is best viewed as one high-leverage element within a broader portfolio that includes passive design, urban greening and improved building envelopes. Cities that already possess district-heating experience possess institutional advantages that can accelerate implementation where density and demand justify the investment.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>District cooling networks offer a technically proven means of delivering efficient, lower-emission cooling at neighbourhood or city scale. Experience in Dubai demonstrates what is possible under continuous high demand; European systems in Paris, Marseille, Geneva and Vienna show that the approach can be adapted to temperate climates and intermittent heatwaves. Efficiency gains, reduced peak loads and moderated street-level heat rejection are documented. At the same time, high capital costs, construction disruption, density requirements and environmental limits during extreme heat mean that widespread adoption faces real constraints. Network-science tools applied to systems such as Fra&#238;cheur de Paris can identify vulnerabilities and guide resilient expansion. European cities evaluating responses to intensifying heatwaves have reason to examine district cooling seriously, alongside complementary measures, as part of a measured and evidence-based adaptation strategy.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>New Scientist, &#8220;District cooling could be the solution we need to tackle extreme heat,&#8221; 30 July 2026. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2582252-is-district-cooling-the-solution-we-need-for-extreme-heat-in-cities/">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2582252-is-district-cooling-the-solution-we-need-for-extreme-heat-in-cities/</a></p></li><li><p>New Scientist reporting on June 2026 heatwave mortality estimates. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2532825-june-heatwave-may-have-killed-around-20000-people-in-europe/">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2532825-june-heatwave-may-have-killed-around-20000-people-in-europe/</a></p></li><li><p>The Guardian, &#8220;&#8216;Kind of miracle solution&#8217;: How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace air-con,&#8221; 26 June 2026. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/underground-revolution-seine-cooling-network-paris-buildings-heat">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/underground-revolution-seine-cooling-network-paris-buildings-heat</a></p></li><li><p>ENGIE, &#8220;How District Cooling Networks Are Cooling Cities Differently.&#8221; <a href="https://www.engie.com/en/explore/explainer/cooling-cities-differently-the-role-of-district-cooling-networks/">https://www.engie.com/en/explore/explainer/cooling-cities-differently-the-role-of-district-cooling-networks/</a></p></li><li><p>Utilities Middle East and Emirates 24|7 reporting on Empower capacity and financial results, 2026. <a href="https://www.utilities-me.com/news/empower-capacity-target">https://www.utilities-me.com/news/empower-capacity-target</a> ; <a href="https://www.emirates247.com/business/empower-reports-162-rise-in-h1-net-profit-to-aed468-million-as-revenue-tops-aed15-billion/4307">https://www.emirates247.com/business/empower-reports-162-rise-in-h1-net-profit-to-aed468-million-as-revenue-tops-aed15-billion/4307</a></p></li><li><p>Wien Energie / The International, &#8220;Wien Energie Cooling Demand Increases 60%,&#8221; 2025&#8211;2026. <a href="https://www.theinternational.at/wien-energie-cooling-demand-increases-60/">https://www.theinternational.at/wien-energie-cooling-demand-increases-60/</a></p></li><li><p>Euronews, &#8220;More &#8216;deadly&#8217; heat is on the way: Can Europe&#8217;s waterways cool us down,&#8221; 8 July 2026. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2026/07/08/more-deadly-heat-is-on-the-way-can-europes-waterways-cool-us-down-and-replace-air-con">https://www.euronews.com/2026/07/08/more-deadly-heat-is-on-the-way-can-europes-waterways-cool-us-down-and-replace-air-con</a></p></li><li><p>EU Covenant of Mayors, Marseille sea-side detox and related district-cooling case studies. <a href="https://eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu/en/marseilles-sea-side-detox">https://eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu/en/marseilles-sea-side-detox</a></p></li><li><p>Euroheat &amp; Power, DHC Market Outlook reports and related European district-heating and cooling statistics <a href="https://www.euroheat.org/data-insights/outlooks/dhc-market-outlook-2026">https://www.euroheat.org/data-insights/outlooks/dhc-market-outlook-2026</a> ; <a href="https://iifiir.org/en/news/district-heating-and-cooling-in-europe-the-share-of-renewable-energy">https://iifiir.org/en/news/district-heating-and-cooling-in-europe-the-share-of-renewable-energy</a></p></li><li><p>&#8220;Graph-based algorithmic design and decision-making framework for district heating and cooling plant positioning and network planning.&#8221; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474034621001725">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474034621001725</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Enfriando las ciudades desde abajo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Evaluando las redes de enfriamiento distrital como respuesta a las olas de calor cada vez m&#225;s intensas]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/enfriando-las-ciudades-desde-abajo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/enfriando-las-ciudades-desde-abajo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 18:42:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 7-agosto-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:295561,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/210256470?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3-NC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c5cf3b3-0695-4815-aecb-b02eac1713f1_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Europa se ha convertido en el continente que m&#225;s r&#225;pido se calienta del mundo. Las sucesivas olas de calor de los &#250;ltimos veranos, incluidos los intensos eventos de junio y julio de 2026, han ejercido una fuerte presi&#243;n sobre las ciudades. Las estimaciones vinculadas solo al per&#237;odo de junio apuntan a m&#225;s de 20,000 muertes en exceso en toda la regi&#243;n, con un impacto particular en las personas mayores y en quienes viven en barrios urbanos densos. Actualmente, solo alrededor de una de cada cinco hogares europeos cuenta con aire acondicionado. El denso tejido edilicio, la escasez de espacios verdes y el efecto isla de calor urbana amplifican a&#250;n m&#225;s las temperaturas. Las unidades individuales de aire acondicionado, instaladas como respuesta privada, rechazan el calor directamente hacia las calles y pueden elevar las temperaturas locales en varias d&#233;cimas de grado o m&#225;s cuando se adoptan de forma masiva. Tambi&#233;n aumentan la demanda el&#233;ctrica en horas pico y contribuyen a las emisiones de refrigerantes y de carbono.</p><p>Estas presiones han renovado el inter&#233;s por alternativas centralizadas. El enfriamiento distrital, que ya opera a gran escala en algunas ciudades, es una de las opciones que se discute activamente. No elimina la necesidad de una planificaci&#243;n cuidadosa ni de medidas complementarias como el aislamiento de edificios y la vegetaci&#243;n urbana, y las dificultades pr&#225;cticas de una adopci&#243;n generalizada siguen siendo considerables. El siguiente an&#225;lisis se basa en la experiencia operativa reciente, datos t&#233;cnicos y an&#225;lisis de sistemas para evaluar su posible contribuci&#243;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp" width="1456" height="1030" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1030,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy" title="Urban heat island effect in Brussels, Belgium, during the late June 2026  heatwave | EU Space Support Office | EU Space Policy" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rSAh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff577559a-de6a-4e30-90d0-6685c66b228a_4961x3508.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://eu-space.europa.eu/components/earth-observation-copernicus/image-of-the-day/urban-heat-island-effect-brussels-belgium-during-late-june-2026-heatwave">eu-space.europa.eu</a></p><h3>C&#243;mo funcionan los sistemas de enfriamiento distrital</h3><p>El enfriamiento distrital se centra en la producci&#243;n de agua enfriada en una o varias plantas centrales, normalmente a temperaturas de 5 a 7 &#176;C. Tuber&#237;as subterr&#225;neas aisladas transportan luego el agua hasta los edificios conectados. Dentro de cada edificio, un intercambiador de calor transfiere el fr&#237;o al sistema local de tratamiento de aire, funcionando a la inversa de un radiador convencional. El agua de retorno, m&#225;s caliente, se env&#237;a de vuelta a la planta para ser enfriada nuevamente.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png" width="980" height="690" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:690,&quot;width&quot;:980,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Customer Mechanical Interface | District Energy&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Customer Mechanical Interface | District Energy" title="Customer Mechanical Interface | District Energy" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4fOa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F633cd3e5-e2fe-4984-9049-a386cda08a7a_980x690.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.districtenergy.com/services/how-it-works/customer-mechanical-interface/">districtenergy.com</a></p><p>Muchos sistemas incorporan tanques de almacenamiento t&#233;rmico o bancos de hielo. Estos permiten producir agua enfriada o hielo durante per&#237;odos de menor demanda el&#233;ctrica o de mayor generaci&#243;n renovable, y descargarlo durante los picos diurnos. El enfriamiento gratuito aprovecha fuentes naturalmente fr&#237;as cuando est&#225;n disponibles: agua de r&#237;os o lagos, agua de mar o incluso minas inundadas. Los bucles de temperatura ambiente, que circulan agua a temperaturas m&#225;s cercanas a las exteriores, pueden elevar a&#250;n m&#225;s la eficiencia de las bombas de calor al reducir la diferencia de temperatura requerida. El conjunto concentra el equipo de refrigeraci&#243;n, reduce la necesidad de enfriadoras individuales en cada azotea o s&#243;tano y abre la posibilidad de integrar calor residual o fuentes renovables a nivel de planta.</p><h3>Escala y experiencia de Dub&#225;i</h3><p>En climas de calor extremo sostenido, el enfriamiento distrital ha superado las fases piloto. Empower, el mayor proveedor de enfriamiento distrital por capacidad, opera una red que a mediados de 2026 entregaba aproximadamente 1.7 millones de toneladas de refrigeraci&#243;n de capacidad conectada, equivalentes a alrededor de 6 GW de refrigeraci&#243;n. El sistema abastece a casi 1,800 edificios en desarrollos como Business Bay, el Centro Financiero Internacional de Dub&#225;i y conjuntos residenciales. Los informes indican ahorros de electricidad cercanos al 50 % y reducciones de di&#243;xido de carbono de alrededor del 40 % en comparaci&#243;n con enfriadoras convencionales a nivel de edificio. El efluente de aguas residuales tratadas suministra gran parte del agua de proceso, el almacenamiento t&#233;rmico gestiona los picos y la infraestructura se ha planificado en paralelo con la expansi&#243;n urbana. En un entorno donde las temperaturas exteriores superan regularmente los 45 &#176;C, la red funciona como infraestructura de servicio esencial y no como un amenity opcional. La experiencia demuestra la viabilidad t&#233;cnica a gran escala bajo demanda continua elevada, aunque las condiciones institucionales y financieras de un desarrollo r&#225;pido y respaldado por el Estado difieren de las que prevalecen en la mayor&#237;a de las ciudades europeas.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg" width="1018" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:1018,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Trans Gulf Electromechanical LLC - District Cooling Plant At Business Bay -  Empower&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Trans Gulf Electromechanical LLC - District Cooling Plant At Business Bay -  Empower" title="Trans Gulf Electromechanical LLC - District Cooling Plant At Business Bay -  Empower" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoBC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4893916-7940-400b-81bd-1c68f0bc7034_1018x545.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.transgulfem.com/what-we-do/district-cooling-plant-at-business-bay-empower">transgulfem.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg" width="668" height="459" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:459,&quot;width&quot;:668,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Empower delivers Business Bay contract - Utilities Middle East&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Empower delivers Business Bay contract - Utilities Middle East" title="Empower delivers Business Bay contract - Utilities Middle East" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qw5H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c467a6e-7a6e-4a92-a23b-a0c16ae0fa54_668x459.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.utilities-me.com/news/article-187-empower-delivers-business-bay-contract">utilities-me.com</a></p><h3>Ejemplos europeos y resultados hasta la fecha</h3><p>Europa ya cuenta con extensas redes de calefacci&#243;n distrital que abastecen a m&#225;s de 77 millones de personas. Los mismos corredores, t&#250;neles y conocimiento institucional pueden apoyar los sistemas de enfriamiento. Aproximadamente 200 redes de enfriamiento distrital operan en el continente, concentradas en Francia y Suecia.</p><p>Par&#237;s alberga una de las m&#225;s grandes. La red Fra&#238;cheur de Paris comprende aproximadamente 120 km de tuber&#237;as y suministra agua enfriada a unos 850-900 edificios, incluidos el Louvre, grandes museos, oficinas, hoteles y un n&#250;mero creciente de instalaciones p&#250;blicas. Catorce plantas de producci&#243;n y sitios de almacenamiento de hielo sostienen el sistema. El consumo de electricidad y las emisiones se reportan aproximadamente a la mitad de los de sistemas individuales equivalentes. El enfriamiento gratuito del Sena se utiliza cuando las temperaturas del r&#237;o lo permiten, aunque los l&#237;mites de temperatura de retorno cercanos a 30 &#176;C restringen esta contribuci&#243;n durante el calor prolongado. Los planes de expansi&#243;n apuntan a alrededor de 245 km de red y 3.000 edificios conectados para 2042, con prioridad a hospitales, escuelas, guarder&#237;as y residencias de ancianos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg" width="1456" height="954" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:954,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Paris aims to expand urban cooling system that uses Seine River water |  Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Paris aims to expand urban cooling system that uses Seine River water |  Reuters" title="Paris aims to expand urban cooling system that uses Seine River water |  Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1efe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95755e3a-6cd3-475e-9c6d-ff4b2cc554fa_3858x2527.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/paris-aims-expand-urban-cooling-system-that-uses-seine-river-water-2023-09-04/">reuters.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg" width="1200" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Kind of miracle solution': How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace  air-con | Extreme heat | The Guardian&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Kind of miracle solution': How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace  air-con | Extreme heat | The Guardian" title="Kind of miracle solution': How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace  air-con | Extreme heat | The Guardian" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dH7P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea2add01-af43-4ba5-87bb-165716cc9345_1200x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/underground-revolution-seine-cooling-network-paris-buildings-heat">theguardian.com</a></p><p>En Marsella, las redes de agua de mar Massileo y Thassalia abarcan juntos varios kil&#243;metros y suministran tanto calefacci&#243;n como enfriamiento. Los operadores reportan reducciones de CO&#8322; cercanas al 80 % respecto de alternativas basadas en combustibles f&#243;siles. Ginebra extrae agua fr&#237;a de niveles profundos del lago Lem&#225;n para su sistema GeniLac. La red de enfriamiento distrital de Viena, que ya supera los 30 km, registra aumentos de demanda de hasta el 60 % en d&#237;as de alrededor de 35 &#176;C; la ciudad est&#225; invirtiendo decenas de millones de euros para ampliar la capacidad y a&#241;adir almacenamiento de hielo, parcialmente alimentado por calor residual de instalaciones de valorizaci&#243;n energ&#233;tica de residuos.</p><p>Estos ejemplos muestran que los sistemas pueden operar de forma fiable en condiciones europeas y entregar ganancias de eficiencia mensurables, aunque la cobertura sigue limitada principalmente a edificios comerciales y p&#250;blicos en distritos densos.</p><h3>Beneficios potenciales en energ&#237;a, emisiones y clima urbano</h3><p>En comparaci&#243;n con las enfriadoras t&#237;picas instaladas en edificios, el enfriamiento distrital suele alcanzar aproximadamente el doble de eficiencia o la mitad del costo operativo. La demanda el&#233;ctrica en horas pico se reduce porque las plantas centrales y el almacenamiento pueden desplazar la carga. Los inventarios de refrigerantes y el uso de productos qu&#237;micos disminuyen. Los edificios liberan espacio en azoteas y s&#243;tanos anteriormente ocupado por equipos individuales. El calor residual se rechaza en puntos centrales en lugar de dispersarse en las calles, moderando la contribuci&#243;n del enfriamiento a la isla de calor urbana. La integraci&#243;n con electricidad renovable, la recuperaci&#243;n de calor residual de centros de datos o procesos industriales y el enfriamiento gratuito de fuentes naturales mejoran a&#250;n m&#225;s el perfil de carbono. Los beneficios para la salud p&#250;blica surgen del enfriamiento fiable de hospitales, residencias de ancianos y escuelas sin el calentamiento secundario de las calles circundantes.</p><h3>Desaf&#237;os pr&#225;cticos y limitaciones</h3><p>Los costos de capital son elevados. Excavar calles y tender tuber&#237;as aisladas suele costar cientos de millones de euros para redes a escala de ciudad. La construcci&#243;n genera disrupciones temporales. La tecnolog&#237;a funciona mejor donde la demanda de enfriamiento es densa y relativamente continua; las zonas residenciales dispersas elevan el costo unitario de conexi&#243;n. La penetraci&#243;n residencial sigue siendo baja en toda Europa. Aparecen restricciones ambientales durante olas de calor prolongadas: el enfriamiento gratuito de r&#237;os o lagos pierde eficacia a medida que suben las temperaturas del agua y se aplican los l&#237;mites regulatorios de temperatura de retorno. Los modelos de financiamiento, los marcos regulatorios para infraestructura compartida y las cuestiones de acceso equitativo (qui&#233;n se conecta primero y c&#243;mo se asignan los costos) requieren resoluci&#243;n. La Directiva de Eficiencia Energ&#233;tica de la UE ya obliga a los municipios m&#225;s grandes a preparar planes locales de calefacci&#243;n y enfriamiento, lo que crea una apertura pol&#237;tica, aunque la voluntad pol&#237;tica y el capital a largo plazo siguen siendo decisivos.</p><h3>An&#225;lisis de red de la resiliencia: el caso de Par&#237;s bajo picos de ola de calor</h3><p>La red Fra&#238;cheur de Paris ofrece un caso concreto para examinar el desempe&#241;o bajo las tensiones simult&#225;neas de las olas de calor de 2026: picos de demanda casi simult&#225;neos en cientos de edificios y capacidad reducida de enfriamiento gratuito de un Sena m&#225;s c&#225;lido. El sistema puede representarse como una red de flujo dirigida y con capacidad limitada.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png" width="1456" height="612" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:612,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:711369,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/210256470?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!47Iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc190770b-934a-4186-ac3a-85a59b184821_6860x2885.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Lo siguiente es una explicaci&#243;n general de lo que implicar&#237;a un An&#225;lisis de red detallado. Los nodos comprenden plantas de producci&#243;n con capacidad de refrigeraci&#243;n finita, tomas de enfriamiento gratuito, tanques de almacenamiento, empalmes de tuber&#237;as y agrupaciones de edificios como sumideros de demanda. Las aristas representan segmentos de tuber&#237;a caracterizados por el flujo m&#225;ximo (determinado por el di&#225;metro, la presi&#243;n y el aislamiento), la longitud y las p&#233;rdidas t&#233;rmicas. Los flujos obedecen a restricciones de conservaci&#243;n y de capacidad.</p><p>Bajo demanda m&#225;xima simult&#225;nea, los c&#225;lculos de flujo m&#225;ximo pueden compararse con la carga total de enfriamiento estimada para cuantificar cualquier d&#233;ficit y el grado de dependencia del almacenamiento y de las enfriadoras mec&#225;nicas. El teorema del flujo m&#225;ximo y el corte m&#237;nimo identifica las tuber&#237;as o plantas cr&#237;ticas cuya capacidad m&#225;s restringe la entrega, en particular a los sumideros de alta prioridad como los hospitales. La centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n clasifica los empalmes y segmentos seg&#250;n el volumen de flujo que se ver&#237;a obligado a redirigirse si fallaran, destacando puntos &#250;nicos de vulnerabilidad. El an&#225;lisis de escenarios de una falla de planta combinada con la rotura de una tuber&#237;a principal durante un evento de calor de varios d&#237;as indica el volumen de carga que requerir&#237;a racionamiento o priorizaci&#243;n. Las m&#233;tricas de topolog&#237;a (n&#250;mero de caminos independientes, conectividad algebraica) permiten comparar el dise&#241;o actual parcialmente radial con dise&#241;os m&#225;s mallados o de tipo embalse que mejoran la redundancia. Para la expansi&#243;n planificada a aproximadamente 245 km y 3,000 edificios, los m&#233;todos de &#225;rbol de Steiner o de &#225;rbol de expansi&#243;n multiobjetivo ponderados por el costo de excavaci&#243;n y la prioridad de la demanda (hospitales y residencias de ancianos primero) pueden orientar caminos de crecimiento eficientes y resilientes.</p><p>El trabajo acad&#233;mico sobre algoritmos de grafos para la ubicaci&#243;n de plantas de calefacci&#243;n y enfriamiento distrital, la optimizaci&#243;n de la disposici&#243;n de tuber&#237;as y la evaluaci&#243;n de la fiabilidad bajo din&#225;micas t&#233;rmicas suministra el fundamento metodol&#243;gico. El an&#225;lisis muestra d&#243;nde el refuerzo de aristas cr&#237;ticas o la adici&#243;n de bucles mejorar&#237;an m&#225;s la resiliencia ante extremos clim&#225;ticos, convirtiendo una discusi&#243;n general de infraestructura en orientaciones concretas para operadores y planificadores urbanos.</p><h3>Caminos a seguir para las ciudades europeas</h3><p>El progreso adicional depende de priorizar las conexiones a instalaciones vulnerables, desarrollar redes h&#237;bridas de calefacci&#243;n y enfriamiento que compartan corredores con la calefacci&#243;n distrital existente, introducir precios de respuesta a la demanda y expandir el enfriamiento gratuito y la integraci&#243;n de renovables. El despliegue residencial requerir&#225; m&#233;todos de conexi&#243;n de menor costo y una regulaci&#243;n de apoyo. El enfriamiento distrital se contempla mejor como un elemento de alto apalancamiento dentro de un portafolio m&#225;s amplio que incluye el dise&#241;o pasivo, la vegetaci&#243;n urbana y las envolventes edilicias mejoradas. Las ciudades que ya poseen experiencia en calefacci&#243;n distrital cuentan con ventajas institucionales que pueden acelerar la implementaci&#243;n all&#237; donde la densidad y la demanda justifiquen la inversi&#243;n.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n</h3><p>Las redes de enfriamiento distrital ofrecen un medio t&#233;cnicamente probado para entregar enfriamiento eficiente y de menores emisiones a escala de barrio o de ciudad. La experiencia de Dub&#225;i demuestra lo que es posible bajo demanda elevada continua; los sistemas europeos de Par&#237;s, Marsella, Ginebra y Viena muestran que el enfoque puede adaptarse a climas templados y a olas de calor intermitentes. Las ganancias de eficiencia, la reducci&#243;n de las cargas pico y el rechazo moderado de calor a nivel de calle est&#225;n documentados. Al mismo tiempo, los elevados costos de capital, la disrupci&#243;n de la construcci&#243;n, los requisitos de densidad y los l&#237;mites ambientales durante el calor extremo significan que la adopci&#243;n generalizada enfrenta restricciones reales. Las herramientas de la ciencia de redes aplicadas a sistemas como Fra&#238;cheur de Paris pueden identificar vulnerabilidades y orientar una expansi&#243;n resiliente. Las ciudades europeas que eval&#250;an respuestas a las olas de calor cada vez m&#225;s intensas tienen motivos para examinar seriamente el enfriamiento distrital, junto con medidas complementarias, como parte de una estrategia de adaptaci&#243;n mesurada y basada en evidencias.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>New Scientist, &#8220;District cooling could be the solution we need to tackle extreme heat,&#8221; 30 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2582252-is-district-cooling-the-solution-we-need-for-extreme-heat-in-cities/">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2582252-is-district-cooling-the-solution-we-need-for-extreme-heat-in-cities/</a></p></li><li><p>Informes de New Scientist sobre estimaciones de mortalidad de la ola de calor de junio de 2026. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2532825-june-heatwave-may-have-killed-around-20000-people-in-europe/">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2532825-june-heatwave-may-have-killed-around-20000-people-in-europe/</a></p></li><li><p>The Guardian, &#8220;&#8216;Kind of miracle solution&#8217;: How Paris is harnessing the Seine to replace air-con,&#8221; 26 de junio de 2026. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/underground-revolution-seine-cooling-network-paris-buildings-heat">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jun/26/underground-revolution-seine-cooling-network-paris-buildings-heat</a></p></li><li><p>ENGIE, &#8220;How District Cooling Networks Are Cooling Cities Differently.&#8221; <a href="https://www.engie.com/en/explore/explainer/cooling-cities-differently-the-role-of-district-cooling-networks/">https://www.engie.com/en/explore/explainer/cooling-cities-differently-the-role-of-district-cooling-networks/</a></p></li><li><p>Informes de Utilities Middle East y Emirates 24|7 sobre la capacidad y los resultados financieros de Empower, 2026. <a href="https://www.utilities-me.com/news/empower-capacity-target">https://www.utilities-me.com/news/empower-capacity-target</a> ; <a href="https://www.emirates247.com/business/empower-reports-162-rise-in-h1-net-profit-to-aed468-million-as-revenue-tops-aed15-billion/4307">https://www.emirates247.com/business/empower-reports-162-rise-in-h1-net-profit-to-aed468-million-as-revenue-tops-aed15-billion/4307</a></p></li><li><p>Wien Energie / The International, &#8220;Wien Energie Cooling Demand Increases 60%,&#8221; 2025&#8211;2026. <a href="https://www.theinternational.at/wien-energie-cooling-demand-increases-60/">https://www.theinternational.at/wien-energie-cooling-demand-increases-60/</a></p></li><li><p>Euronews, &#8220;More &#8216;deadly&#8217; heat is on the way: Can Europe&#8217;s waterways cool us down,&#8221; 8 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2026/07/08/more-deadly-heat-is-on-the-way-can-europes-waterways-cool-us-down-and-replace-air-con">https://www.euronews.com/2026/07/08/more-deadly-heat-is-on-the-way-can-europes-waterways-cool-us-down-and-replace-air-con</a></p></li><li><p>Pacto de Alcaldes de la UE, casos de estudio de desintoxicaci&#243;n costera de Marsella y enfriamiento distrital relacionados. <a href="https://eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu/en/marseilles-sea-side-detox">https://eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu/en/marseilles-sea-side-detox</a></p></li><li><p>Euroheat &amp; Power, informes DHC Market Outlook y estad&#237;sticas europeas relacionadas de calefacci&#243;n y enfriamiento distrital. <a href="https://www.euroheat.org/data-insights/outlooks/dhc-market-outlook-2026">https://www.euroheat.org/data-insights/outlooks/dhc-market-outlook-2026</a> ; <a href="https://iifiir.org/en/news/district-heating-and-cooling-in-europe-the-share-of-renewable-energy">https://iifiir.org/en/news/district-heating-and-cooling-in-europe-the-share-of-renewable-energy</a></p></li><li><p>&#8220;Graph-based algorithmic design and decision-making framework for district heating and cooling plant positioning and network planning.&#8221; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474034621001725">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474034621001725</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ethanol and Electrons]]></title><description><![CDATA[Assessing Flex-Fuel Plug-In Hybrids in Brazil as an Option for Developing Markets]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/ethanol-and-electrons</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/ethanol-and-electrons</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 19:18:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 6-august-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:218722,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/210116819?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hc5t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c2fc3d-c708-4cc2-bbbd-3c888cc57504_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In early August 2026 Chinese manufacturer BYD launched its first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex-fuel vehicle, the Song Pro Super-H&#237;brido Flex Fuel, also known as the Song Pro DM-i Flex. The car was developed over two years through collaboration between Brazilian and Chinese engineering teams at a reported cost of 100 million reais. Production takes place at the Camacari plant in Bahia state, part of a larger 5.5 billion reais investment that is expected to turn out around 180,000 vehicles in 2026 and supply most of the roughly 200,000 units BYD aims to sell in Brazil that year. The vehicle reaches dealerships priced from 176,990 reais for the GL version to 199,990 reais for the GS. Pure-electric range is stated as 60 km for the GL and 120 km for the GS under the figures given at launch, with combined ranges claimed at approximately 1,105 km on gasoline and 805 km on ethanol. Local content is targeted to exceed 50 per cent for all Brazilian-built vehicles by January 2027.</p><p>Alexandre Baldy, BYD&#8217;s senior vice president in Brazil, described the project as highly symbolic because it was the first collaboration of this kind between the company&#8217;s research teams in the two countries and was tailored exclusively for the Brazilian market. The company also noted potential interest from markets such as India as ethanol adoption spreads. July 2026 marked BYD&#8217;s strongest month in Brazil with 23,465 vehicles sold, more than double the figure a year earlier, giving the brand a 9.1 per cent market share and fourth place overall.</p><p>The appearance of this vehicle reflects several concurrent developments. Brazil has decades of experience with ethanol as a transport fuel, beginning with the Pro&#225;lcool programme in the 1970s and the introduction of flex-fuel vehicles capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol from 2003. Flex-fuel models have long accounted for the large majority of new light-vehicle sales. At the same time Chinese manufacturers have expanded production capacity in Brazil to meet local-content rules and to establish the country as a regional base. Charging infrastructure for pure battery-electric vehicles has grown, yet remains far less dense than the existing network of fuel stations. Drivers retain the ability to choose the cheaper fuel at the pump, and the national electricity system continues to draw a substantial share of generation from hydropower. These conditions create space for vehicles that can use electricity for shorter trips while retaining the flexibility of liquid fuels for longer journeys.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters" title="BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/byd-debuts-first-brazilian-made-plug-in-hybrid-flex-car-sales-surge-2026-08-04/">reuters.com</a></p><h3>Technical Foundations of the Flex Plug-In Hybrid</h3><p>The Song Pro Flex uses an adaptation of BYD&#8217;s DM-i (Dual Mode Intelligent) system. The core is a 1.5-litre Atkinson-cycle petrol engine modified to accept any ratio of gasoline and ethanol. This requires fuel-composition sensors, corrosion-resistant materials in the fuel system and software calibration to adjust injection and ignition for the different energy densities and combustion characteristics of the two fuels. An electric motor provides primary drive, supported by a blade battery that can be charged from an external socket, through regenerative braking or by the engine acting as a generator.</p><p>In pure-electric mode the engine remains off and the battery supplies the drive motor. In series-hybrid mode the engine runs to generate electricity that either powers the motor directly or recharges the battery; the wheels continue to be driven electrically. In parallel mode a clutch allows the engine to contribute mechanical torque to the wheels, typically at higher speeds or under heavier load. The system prioritises electric operation when battery charge is sufficient and switches automatically according to demand, speed and efficiency. Combined system output is around 218&#8211;219 horsepower with 300 Nm of torque.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg" width="536" height="373" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:373,&quot;width&quot;:536,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;BYD-DMi Hybrid System Interpretation - EEWORLD&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="BYD-DMi Hybrid System Interpretation - EEWORLD" title="BYD-DMi Hybrid System Interpretation - EEWORLD" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YNno!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc6d0613a-0113-49d4-afee-93bb7201a4b4_536x373.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://en.eeworld.com.cn/news/qcdz/eic669581.html">en.eeworld.com.cn</a></p><p>Battery sizes are reported as approximately 13 kWh for the lower-range version and 18 kWh for the higher-range version, with AC charging rates of 3.3 kW or 6.6 kW depending on the trim. The architecture therefore combines meaningful pure-electric range for urban driving with the ability to refuel liquid fuel in minutes for longer trips.</p><h3>Distinguishing the Architectures</h3><p>Conventional full hybrids (HEVs) pair a smaller battery with an internal-combustion engine and recover energy through regenerative braking. They lack an external charge port, so pure-electric range is limited to a few kilometres under ideal conditions. The engine remains the primary source of propulsion for most driving.</p><p>Standard plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) add a larger battery and a charge port, allowing several tens of kilometres of pure-electric driving before the engine engages. Most existing PHEVs use gasoline-only engines. The flex adaptation adds the capacity to run on ethanol, which changes both the renewable-fuel potential and the material requirements of the powertrain.</p><p>Range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs or EREVs) employ a pure series configuration. The internal-combustion engine serves solely as a generator and never drives the wheels. Propulsion is always electric, giving a driving feel closer to a battery-electric vehicle while the engine extends range when the battery is depleted. BYD&#8217;s DM-i system is more flexible: it can operate in series mode for much of the time yet still engage the engine mechanically when that is more efficient.</p><p>Battery-electric vehicles rely on a single energy vector. They produce no tailpipe emissions in use and can achieve high efficiency, yet they depend entirely on the availability and reliability of charging infrastructure and on the capacity of the battery pack for longer journeys.</p><p>The flex plug-in hybrid therefore occupies a middle position that retains liquid-fuel flexibility while incorporating substantial electrification.</p><h3>The Brazilian Context and Viability of the Combination</h3><p>Brazil&#8217;s ethanol industry rests on a large sugarcane base, with corn ethanol also expanding. Fuel stations offering both gasoline (typically blended with anhydrous ethanol) and hydrous ethanol are widespread. Historical data show that flex-fuel vehicles have comprised 80&#8211;90 per cent of new light-vehicle sales in many years, although the share of actual ethanol consumption by flex owners has often been lower, around 30&#8211;40 per cent of the energy used by the flex fleet, because drivers select the cheaper fuel according to the prevailing price ratio.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg" width="678" height="452" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:452,&quot;width&quot;:678,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Wheat, Trash, and Sweet Potatoes: Brazilian Ethanol Is a Smorgasbord of Raw  Materials&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Wheat, Trash, and Sweet Potatoes: Brazilian Ethanol Is a Smorgasbord of Raw  Materials" title="Wheat, Trash, and Sweet Potatoes: Brazilian Ethanol Is a Smorgasbord of Raw  Materials" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vTFN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72927ce3-9a57-4ad2-9588-3b6c09cb3715_678x452.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.agriculture.com/partners-wheat-trash-and-sweet-potatoes-brazilian-ethanol-is-a-smorgasbord-of-raw-materials-11989868">agriculture.com</a></p><p>The electricity system continues to draw roughly half its generation from hydropower, with wind and solar increasing their contribution. Overall renewable share in electricity supply remains high, above 85 per cent in recent years. Public and semi-public charging points numbered around 25,000 by mid-2026, while the total number of fuel stations is several times larger and far more evenly distributed. The ratio of plug-in vehicles to chargers has improved but still exceeds levels considered comfortable in many markets.</p><p>These conditions support the practical case for a vehicle that can operate on electricity when charging is convenient and switch to liquid fuel when it is not. Battery size and cost can be kept lower than in a pure battery-electric vehicle of comparable total range. Local biofuel production supports domestic employment and reduces exposure to imported oil-price volatility. When the vehicle runs primarily on ethanol and is charged from the Brazilian grid, lifecycle greenhouse-gas emissions can be competitive with some pure battery-electric vehicles operating on dirtier grids.</p><p>Analyses by the International Council on Clean Transportation show that the advantage is not automatic. Flex-fuel plug-in hybrids deliver smaller emission reductions than pure battery-electric vehicles under Brazilian conditions. When operated on the market-average mix of gasoline and ethanol, projected 2030 flex-PHEVs reduce lifecycle emissions by roughly 17 per cent relative to comparable internal-combustion vehicles. Even under an optimistic combination of 100 per cent ethanol and a 55 per cent electric-drive share, emissions remain approximately twice those of a corresponding battery-electric vehicle. Real-world electric-drive shares for plug-in hybrids in other markets have frequently been lower than laboratory assumptions. Expansion of sugarcane or corn production also raises questions of land use and competition with food crops. Mechanical complexity is higher than in a pure battery-electric vehicle, and total cost of ownership depends on local fuel prices, electricity tariffs and residual values.</p><p>Policy frameworks such as RenovaBio and the MOVER programme have provided support for both biofuels and electrification without mandating a single technology path. Drivers retain the ability to arbitrage between fuels, which can lower running costs when ethanol is priced favourably relative to gasoline.</p><h3>Developments Across Countries and Regions</h3><p>Brazil remains the clearest example of large-scale flex-fuel adoption. The Pro&#225;lcool programme of the 1970s created the first ethanol-only vehicles; the 2003 introduction of flex-fuel technology allowed any blend and rapidly displaced dedicated ethanol or gasoline models. Toyota introduced a flex-fuel hybrid version of the Corolla earlier; Stellantis, General Motors and other Chinese manufacturers have announced or launched hybrid-flex models. The BYD vehicle is the first to combine plug-in capability with full flex operation produced locally at scale.</p><p>India has accelerated ethanol blending, reaching the E20 target ahead of earlier schedules. Limited E85 stations are expanding, with plans for hundreds more by the end of 2026 and several thousand thereafter. Automakers including Maruti Suzuki have launched flex-fuel models capable of high ethanol content, and Toyota has tested flex-hybrid prototypes. Policy statements indicate that higher blends and flex vehicles are viewed as complementary to electrification rather than as a substitute, particularly in regions with strong agricultural feedstock supply. The technology developed for Brazil could therefore find a second market if regulatory and commercial conditions align.</p><p>Other Latin American and Southeast Asian countries possess varying degrees of biofuel capacity or existing flex experience. Thailand has operated flex vehicles for years. In contrast, China has pursued large-scale pure battery-electric deployment supported by dense charging networks and strong industrial policy. European markets emphasise battery-electric and, in some cases, hydrogen pathways, with limited high-blend ethanol infrastructure. The United States relies mainly on low-level E10 blending, with E85 available only in selected regions.</p><h3>Pathways for Developing Markets</h3><p>In many developing economies the density of liquid-fuel stations is already high, while charging networks remain sparse or uneven and electricity grids can be constrained. Battery costs and mineral supply chains introduce additional uncertainties. Consumer preference often favours vehicles that can travel long distances without planning around chargers. Local agricultural and industrial interests may support continued use of biofuels. Policy environments frequently remain technology-neutral rather than pure-electric mandates.</p><p>Under these conditions vehicles that combine electrification with liquid-fuel capability, whether flex plug-in hybrids or range-extended designs, can reduce the barriers that pure battery-electric vehicles face. They allow gradual expansion of charging infrastructure while utilising the existing fuel network. Pure battery-electric vehicles remain attractive in dense urban corridors with reliable grids and strong policy support. Two- and three-wheelers, commercial fleets and regions with particularly weak grids present further variations. Over longer periods falling battery costs and grid improvements may shift the balance, yet multi-pathway transitions appear more consistent with current infrastructure and economic realities than a single global trajectory.</p><h3>Network Analysis of the Camacari Launch as a Bridging Event</h3><p>The August 2026 launch and localisation of the Song Pro Flex at Camacari can be examined as a bridging event within multi-layer energy-mobility networks. The relevant layers include infrastructure complementarity, technology diffusion and R&amp;D collaboration, market adoption, and supply-chain resilience.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png" width="1456" height="2909" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O92u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fa92799-a267-4f2c-9f3d-a701d31641d3_3501x6995.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the infrastructure layer the ethanol and gasoline station network exhibits high clustering because stations are numerous and widely distributed after decades of flex-fuel policy. The charging network remains sparser. The flex plug-in hybrid functions as a high-betweenness node that can use edges in both networks, reducing the classic chicken-and-egg problem that pure battery-electric vehicles encounter when charging points are scarce.</p><p>In the technology layer Chinese DM-i knowledge and battery expertise flow through co-development teams into Brazilian engineering groups. Localisation at Camacari raises the clustering coefficient among local suppliers and shortens path lengths that previously ran through distant Chinese nodes, lowering the betweenness centrality of those global links.</p><p>In the market layer the early sales surge creates preferential attachment: higher volumes attract more dealers and complementary services, generating cascades of adoption that build on the existing dense fuel network rather than requiring an entirely new set of edges. Historical studies of Brazil&#8217;s earlier flex-fuel transition documented similar two-sided network effects, in which the entry of additional ethanol stations raised the probability of flex-vehicle purchases and a critical mass of vehicles made new stations profitable.</p><p>In the supply-chain layer the move toward more than 50 per cent local content and on-site battery plans densifies local clusters and improves robustness under node or edge removal, whether caused by mineral shortages, shipping disruptions or oil-price spikes.</p><p>Taken together, the topology favours architectures that can exploit and reinforce already-dense, high-clustering infrastructure and industrial networks. Pure battery-electric diffusion, by contrast, requires the simultaneous construction of a new complementary layer of charging points. The same framing can be applied to India&#8217;s emerging ethanol network or contrasted with the denser charging graphs found in parts of China and Europe. Diffusion models and evolutionary games on networks further suggest that policy instruments calibrated to existing network structure can accelerate hybrid adoption more readily than instruments that assume a pure-electric topology from the outset.</p><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Localisation of production and the creation of regional export capacity form part of industrial strategy for both BYD and Brazilian policymakers. Energy security benefits from reduced reliance on imported oil when ethanol is used. Climate outcomes depend on the actual mix of electricity, ethanol and gasoline consumed and on real-world electric-drive shares. Geopolitically the meeting of Chinese electrification technology with Brazilian biofuel systems creates new commercial linkages. Continued reliance on hybrid pathways may slow the rate at which pure battery-electric vehicles reach scale, yet it also provides a practical bridge while charging networks and grids expand.</p><p>The Brazilian experiment does not demonstrate that flex-fuel plug-in hybrids will become the dominant solution everywhere. It does show that, under specific conditions of dense liquid-fuel infrastructure, substantial renewable electricity, local biofuel capacity and technology-neutral policy, such vehicles constitute a viable option among others. Markets facing comparable constraints may find the same combination useful while they build the infrastructure required for deeper electrification.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The Song Pro Super-H&#237;brido Flex Fuel illustrates one practical response to the combination of established biofuel systems and incomplete charging networks. Technical flexibility, existing station density and local industrial capacity support its introduction. Emission benefits relative to pure battery-electric vehicles remain conditional on usage patterns and fuel choice. Network structure helps explain why hybrid architectures can diffuse more readily in certain topologies than pure-electric ones. The result is a context-dependent pathway rather than a universal template. Brazil&#8217;s experience supplies a detailed case for consideration in other developing markets that share similar infrastructure and resource profiles.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge&#8221;, 4 August 2026. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/byd-debuts-first-brazilian-made-plug-in-hybrid-flex-car-sales-surge-2026-08-04/">https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/byd-debuts-first-brazilian-made-plug-in-hybrid-flex-car-sales-surge-2026-08-04/</a></p></li><li><p>CnEVPost, &#8220;BYD&#8217;s first Brazil-built plug-in hybrid goes on sale&#8221;, 5 August 2026. <a href="https://cnevpost.com/2026/08/05/byd-1st-brazil-built-phev-song-pro-flex-goes-on-sale/">https://cnevpost.com/2026/08/05/byd-1st-brazil-built-phev-song-pro-flex-goes-on-sale/</a></p></li><li><p>Rio Times, &#8220;BYD Flex-Fuel Hybrid Debuts in Brazil&#8221;, 5 August 2026. <a href="https://www.riotimesonline.com/?p=692697">https://www.riotimesonline.com/?p=692697</a></p></li><li><p>International Council on Clean Transportation, &#8220;The risks of betting on biofuels with flex-fuel plug-in hybrid cars in Brazil&#8221;, January 2024. <a href="https://theicct.org/risks-of-betting-on-biofuels-flex-fuel-plug-in-hybrid-cars-brazil-jan24/">https://theicct.org/risks-of-betting-on-biofuels-flex-fuel-plug-in-hybrid-cars-brazil-jan24/</a></p></li><li><p>International Council on Clean Transportation, &#8220;Comparison of the Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Combustion Engine and Electric Passenger Cars in Brazil&#8221;, October 2023. <a href="https://theicct.org/publication/comparison-of-life-cycle-ghg-emissions-of-combustion-engines-and-electric-pv-brazil-oct23/">https://theicct.org/publication/comparison-of-life-cycle-ghg-emissions-of-combustion-engines-and-electric-pv-brazil-oct23/</a></p></li><li><p>International Council on Clean Transportation, Brazil CO2 working paper, 2025. <a href="https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ID-304-%E2%80%93-Brazil-CO2_working-paper_final-v2.pdf">https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ID-304-%E2%80%93-Brazil-CO2_working-paper_final-v2.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>ABVE / Tupi charging data summaries, mid-2026. <a href="https://carregados.com.br/dados-sobre-o-mercado-eletrico">https://carregados.com.br/dados-sobre-o-mercado-eletrico</a> and related ABVE reports.</p></li><li><p>Folha de S.Paulo, charging-point growth, June 2026. <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/eduardosodre/2026/06/rede-de-recarga-cresce-e-tenta-acompanhar-alta-nas-vendas-de-carros-eletricos.shtml">https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/eduardosodre/2026/06/rede-de-recarga-cresce-e-tenta-acompanhar-alta-nas-vendas-de-carros-eletricos.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>EPE / Brazilian Energy Balance 2026 (base year 2025). <a href="https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-975/topico-847/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2026_EN.pdf">https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-975/topico-847/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2026_EN.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Ember, Brazil electricity data 2025. <a href="https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/brazil/">https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/brazil/</a></p></li><li><p>Chambers Practice Guides, Power Generation Brazil 2026. <a href="https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/power-generation-transmission-distribution-2026/brazil">https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/power-generation-transmission-distribution-2026/brazil</a></p></li><li><p>ETAuto, &#8220;India&#8217;s Unique Ethanol Strategy&#8221;, June 2026. <a href="https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-lubes/indias-unique-ethanol-strategy-balancing-flex-fuel-and-electric-vehicles/132050396">https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-lubes/indias-unique-ethanol-strategy-balancing-flex-fuel-and-electric-vehicles/132050396</a></p></li><li><p>Business Today, flex-fuel vehicle launches in India 2026. <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/the-new-flex-automakers-gear-up-flex-fuel-vehicle-launches-in-2026-537208-2026-06-16">https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/the-new-flex-automakers-gear-up-flex-fuel-vehicle-launches-in-2026-537208-2026-06-16</a></p></li><li><p>Deccan Herald, Ministry clarification on flex-fuel policy, August 2026. <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/no-separate-policy-for-flex-fuel-vehicles-beyond-e20-says-heavy-industries-ministry-4099487">https://www.deccanherald.com/india/no-separate-policy-for-flex-fuel-vehicles-beyond-e20-says-heavy-industries-ministry-4099487</a></p></li><li><p>JETRO, Brazil automotive industry trends 2025&#8211;2026. <a href="https://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/areareports/2026/378f85cb2acee270.html">https://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/areareports/2026/378f85cb2acee270.html</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etanol y electrones]]></title><description><![CDATA[Evaluaci&#243;n de los h&#237;bridos enchufables de combustible flexible en Brasil como una opci&#243;n para los mercados en desarrollo]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/etanol-y-electrones</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/etanol-y-electrones</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 19:15:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 6-agosto-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172514,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/210116834?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!655w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9761ff8c-6d99-4807-ad75-76432c93f078_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A principios de agosto de 2026 el fabricante chino BYD lanz&#243; su primer veh&#237;culo h&#237;brido enchufable de combustible flexible fabricado en Brasil, el Song Pro Super-H&#237;brido Flex Fuel, tambi&#233;n conocido como Song Pro DM-i Flex. El auto se desarroll&#243; durante dos a&#241;os mediante la colaboraci&#243;n entre equipos de ingenier&#237;a brasile&#241;os y chinos, con un costo reportado de 100 millones de reales. La producci&#243;n se realiza en la planta de Cama&#231;ari, en el estado de Bah&#237;a, como parte de una inversi&#243;n m&#225;s amplia de 5,500 millones de reales que se espera produzca alrededor de 180,000 veh&#237;culos en 2026 y abastezca la mayor parte de las aproximadamente 200,000 unidades que BYD pretende vender en Brasil ese a&#241;o. El veh&#237;culo llega a los concesionarios con precios desde 176,990 reales para la versi&#243;n GL hasta 199,990 reales para la GS. La autonom&#237;a puramente el&#233;ctrica se indica como 60 km para la GL y 120 km para la GS seg&#250;n las cifras del lanzamiento, con autonom&#237;as combinadas de aproximadamente 1,105 km con gasolina y 805 km con etanol. El contenido local tiene como meta superar el 50 por ciento para todos los veh&#237;culos fabricados en Brasil hacia enero de 2027.</p><p>Alexandre Baldy, vicepresidente senior de BYD en Brasil, describi&#243; el proyecto como altamente simb&#243;lico porque fue la primera colaboraci&#243;n de este tipo entre los equipos de investigaci&#243;n de la empresa en los dos pa&#237;ses y se dise&#241;&#243; exclusivamente para el mercado brasile&#241;o. La compa&#241;&#237;a tambi&#233;n se&#241;al&#243; el inter&#233;s potencial de mercados como India a medida que se extiende la adopci&#243;n del etanol. Julio de 2026 marc&#243; el mes m&#225;s fuerte de BYD en Brasil, con 23.465 veh&#237;culos vendidos, m&#225;s del doble de la cifra del a&#241;o anterior, lo que le otorg&#243; una participaci&#243;n de mercado del 9,1 por ciento y el cuarto lugar en general.</p><p>La aparici&#243;n de este veh&#237;culo refleja varios desarrollos concurrentes. Brasil cuenta con d&#233;cadas de experiencia con el etanol como combustible de transporte, que comenz&#243; con el programa Pro&#225;lcool en la d&#233;cada de 1970 y la introducci&#243;n de veh&#237;culos de combustible flexible capaces de funcionar con cualquier mezcla de gasolina y etanol a partir de 2003. Los modelos de combustible flexible han representado durante mucho tiempo la gran mayor&#237;a de las ventas de veh&#237;culos ligeros nuevos. Al mismo tiempo, los fabricantes chinos han ampliado su capacidad de producci&#243;n en Brasil para cumplir con las normas de contenido local y establecer el pa&#237;s como una base regional. La infraestructura de carga para veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a ha crecido, pero sigue siendo mucho menos densa que la red existente de estaciones de servicio. Los conductores conservan la capacidad de elegir el combustible m&#225;s barato en el surtidor, y el sistema el&#233;ctrico nacional contin&#250;a obteniendo una parte sustancial de la generaci&#243;n de la energ&#237;a hidroel&#233;ctrica. Estas condiciones crean espacio para veh&#237;culos que pueden usar electricidad en trayectos cortos mientras mantienen la flexibilidad de los combustibles l&#237;quidos para viajes m&#225;s largos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters" title="BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge |  Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kROm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36ed2d80-9880-408b-82a6-29174323efa6_5760x3840.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/byd-debuts-first-brazilian-made-plug-in-hybrid-flex-car-sales-surge-2026-08-04/">reuters.com</a></p><h3>Fundamentos t&#233;cnicos del h&#237;brido enchufable de combustible flexible</h3><p>El Song Pro Flex utiliza una adaptaci&#243;n del sistema DM-i (Dual Mode Intelligent) de BYD. El n&#250;cleo es un motor de ciclo Atkinson de 1.5 litros modificado para aceptar cualquier proporci&#243;n de gasolina y etanol. Esto requiere sensores de composici&#243;n del combustible, materiales resistentes a la corrosi&#243;n en el sistema de combustible y calibraci&#243;n de software para ajustar la inyecci&#243;n y el encendido seg&#250;n las diferentes densidades energ&#233;ticas y caracter&#237;sticas de combusti&#243;n de los dos combustibles. Un motor el&#233;ctrico proporciona la tracci&#243;n principal, respaldado por una bater&#237;a blade que puede cargarse desde un enchufe externo, mediante frenado regenerativo o por el motor que act&#250;a como generador.</p><p>En modo puramente el&#233;ctrico el motor de combusti&#243;n permanece apagado y la bater&#237;a alimenta el motor de tracci&#243;n. En modo h&#237;brido en serie el motor funciona para generar electricidad que alimenta directamente el motor de tracci&#243;n o recarga la bater&#237;a; las ruedas contin&#250;an siendo impulsadas el&#233;ctricamente. En modo paralelo un embrague permite que el motor de combusti&#243;n contribuya con torque mec&#225;nico a las ruedas, t&#237;picamente a velocidades m&#225;s altas o bajo carga mayor. El sistema prioriza el funcionamiento el&#233;ctrico cuando la carga de la bater&#237;a es suficiente y cambia autom&#225;ticamente seg&#250;n la demanda, la velocidad y la eficiencia. La potencia combinada del sistema es de alrededor de 218-219 caballos de fuerza con 300 Nm de torque.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg" width="536" height="373" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:373,&quot;width&quot;:536,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;BYD-DMi Hybrid System Interpretation - EEWORLD&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="BYD-DMi Hybrid System Interpretation - EEWORLD" title="BYD-DMi Hybrid System Interpretation - EEWORLD" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VjlF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67f66f79-4787-431b-8674-fa071c90cbcf_536x373.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://en.eeworld.com.cn/news/qcdz/eic669581.html">en.eeworld.com.cn</a></p><p>Los tama&#241;os de bater&#237;a se reportan como aproximadamente 13 kWh para la versi&#243;n de menor autonom&#237;a y 18 kWh para la de mayor autonom&#237;a, con tasas de carga de CA de 3.3 kW o 6.6 kW seg&#250;n la versi&#243;n. La arquitectura combina por lo tanto una autonom&#237;a el&#233;ctrica significativa para el uso urbano con la capacidad de reabastecer combustible l&#237;quido en minutos para viajes m&#225;s largos.</p><h3>Distinci&#243;n de las arquitecturas</h3><p>Los h&#237;bridos completos convencionales (HEV) combinan una bater&#237;a m&#225;s peque&#241;a con un motor de combusti&#243;n interna y recuperan energ&#237;a mediante frenado regenerativo. Carecen de puerto de carga externo, por lo que la autonom&#237;a puramente el&#233;ctrica se limita a unos pocos kil&#243;metros en condiciones ideales. El motor de combusti&#243;n permanece como la fuente principal de propulsi&#243;n en la mayor parte de la conducci&#243;n.</p><p>Los h&#237;bridos enchufables est&#225;ndar (PHEV) agregan una bater&#237;a m&#225;s grande y un puerto de carga, lo que permite varias decenas de kil&#243;metros de conducci&#243;n puramente el&#233;ctrica antes de que intervenga el motor. La mayor&#237;a de los PHEV existentes utilizan motores solo a gasolina. La adaptaci&#243;n flex agrega la capacidad de funcionar con etanol, lo que cambia tanto el potencial de combustible renovable como los requisitos de materiales del tren motriz.</p><p>Los veh&#237;culos el&#233;ctricos de autonom&#237;a extendida (REEV o EREV) emplean una configuraci&#243;n puramente en serie. El motor de combusti&#243;n interna sirve &#250;nicamente como generador y nunca impulsa las ruedas. La propulsi&#243;n es siempre el&#233;ctrica, lo que da una sensaci&#243;n de conducci&#243;n m&#225;s cercana a un veh&#237;culo el&#233;ctrico de bater&#237;a mientras el motor extiende la autonom&#237;a cuando la bater&#237;a se agota. El sistema DM-i de BYD es m&#225;s flexible: puede operar en modo serie durante gran parte del tiempo y a&#250;n as&#237; acoplar el motor mec&#225;nicamente cuando eso resulta m&#225;s eficiente.</p><p>Los veh&#237;culos el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a dependen de un &#250;nico vector energ&#233;tico. No producen emisiones de escape en uso y pueden alcanzar alta eficiencia, pero dependen completamente de la disponibilidad y confiabilidad de la infraestructura de carga y de la capacidad del paquete de bater&#237;as para viajes m&#225;s largos.</p><p>El h&#237;brido enchufable de combustible flexible ocupa por lo tanto una posici&#243;n intermedia que conserva la flexibilidad del combustible l&#237;quido mientras incorpora una electrificaci&#243;n sustancial.</p><h3>El contexto brasile&#241;o y la viabilidad de la combinaci&#243;n</h3><p>La industria del etanol de Brasil se basa en una gran base de ca&#241;a de az&#250;car, con el etanol de ma&#237;z tambi&#233;n en expansi&#243;n. Las estaciones de servicio que ofrecen tanto gasolina (t&#237;picamente mezclada con etanol anhidro) como etanol hidratado est&#225;n ampliamente distribuidas. Los datos hist&#243;ricos muestran que los veh&#237;culos de combustible flexible han comprendido entre el 80 y el 90 por ciento de las ventas de veh&#237;culos ligeros nuevos en muchos a&#241;os, aunque la proporci&#243;n de consumo real de etanol por parte de los propietarios de veh&#237;culos flex a menudo ha sido menor, alrededor del 30-40 por ciento de la energ&#237;a utilizada por la flota flex, porque los conductores seleccionan el combustible m&#225;s barato seg&#250;n la relaci&#243;n de precios vigente.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg" width="678" height="452" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:452,&quot;width&quot;:678,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Wheat, Trash, and Sweet Potatoes: Brazilian Ethanol Is a Smorgasbord of Raw  Materials&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Wheat, Trash, and Sweet Potatoes: Brazilian Ethanol Is a Smorgasbord of Raw  Materials" title="Wheat, Trash, and Sweet Potatoes: Brazilian Ethanol Is a Smorgasbord of Raw  Materials" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UIOi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf31acba-89dc-4b4d-a52d-52d4d5ab23cf_678x452.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.agriculture.com/partners-wheat-trash-and-sweet-potatoes-brazilian-ethanol-is-a-smorgasbord-of-raw-materials-11989868">agriculture.com</a></p><p>El sistema el&#233;ctrico contin&#250;a obteniendo aproximadamente la mitad de su generaci&#243;n de la energ&#237;a hidroel&#233;ctrica, con el viento y la solar aumentando su contribuci&#243;n. La participaci&#243;n renovable general en el suministro el&#233;ctrico se mantiene alta, por encima del 85 por ciento en a&#241;os recientes. Los puntos de carga p&#250;blicos y semip&#250;blicos numeraban alrededor de 25,000 a mediados de 2026, mientras que el n&#250;mero total de estaciones de servicio es varias veces mayor y est&#225; mucho m&#225;s uniformemente distribuido. La relaci&#243;n de veh&#237;culos enchufables por cargador ha mejorado, pero a&#250;n supera los niveles considerados c&#243;modos en muchos mercados.</p><p>Estas condiciones respaldan el caso pr&#225;ctico de un veh&#237;culo que puede funcionar con electricidad cuando la carga es conveniente y cambiar a combustible l&#237;quido cuando no lo es. El tama&#241;o y el costo de la bater&#237;a pueden mantenerse m&#225;s bajos que en un veh&#237;culo puramente el&#233;ctrico de bater&#237;a de autonom&#237;a total comparable. La producci&#243;n local de biocombustibles apoya el empleo dom&#233;stico y reduce la exposici&#243;n a la volatilidad de los precios del petr&#243;leo importado. Cuando el veh&#237;culo funciona principalmente con etanol y se carga desde la red brasile&#241;a, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a lo largo del ciclo de vida pueden ser competitivas con algunos veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a que operan en redes m&#225;s sucias.</p><p>Los an&#225;lisis del International Council on Clean Transportation muestran que la ventaja no es autom&#225;tica. Los h&#237;bridos enchufables de combustible flexible entregan reducciones de emisiones menores que los veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a en las condiciones brasile&#241;as. Cuando se operan con la mezcla promedio de mercado de gasolina y etanol, los PHEV flex proyectados para 2030 reducen las emisiones de ciclo de vida en aproximadamente un 17 por ciento en relaci&#243;n con veh&#237;culos de combusti&#243;n interna comparables. Incluso bajo una combinaci&#243;n optimista de 100 por ciento etanol y una participaci&#243;n de conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica del 55 por ciento, las emisiones permanecen aproximadamente el doble de las de un veh&#237;culo el&#233;ctrico de bater&#237;a correspondiente. Las participaciones reales de conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica de los h&#237;bridos enchufables en otros mercados han sido frecuentemente menores que las suposiciones de laboratorio. La expansi&#243;n de la producci&#243;n de ca&#241;a de az&#250;car o ma&#237;z tambi&#233;n plantea cuestiones de uso de la tierra y competencia con cultivos alimentarios. La complejidad mec&#225;nica es mayor que en un veh&#237;culo puramente el&#233;ctrico de bater&#237;a, y el costo total de propiedad depende de los precios locales de los combustibles, las tarifas el&#233;ctricas y los valores residuales.</p><p>Los marcos de pol&#237;tica como RenovaBio y el programa MOVER han proporcionado apoyo tanto a los biocombustibles como a la electrificaci&#243;n sin mandatar una &#250;nica v&#237;a tecnol&#243;gica. Los conductores conservan la capacidad de arbitrar entre combustibles, lo que puede reducir los costos de operaci&#243;n cuando el etanol tiene un precio favorable en relaci&#243;n con la gasolina.</p><h3>Desarrollos en pa&#237;ses y regiones</h3><p>Brasil sigue siendo el ejemplo m&#225;s claro de adopci&#243;n a gran escala de combustible flexible. El programa Pro&#225;lcool de la d&#233;cada de 1970 cre&#243; los primeros veh&#237;culos solo de etanol; la introducci&#243;n de la tecnolog&#237;a de combustible flexible en 2003 permiti&#243; cualquier mezcla y desplaz&#243; r&#225;pidamente a los modelos dedicados de etanol o gasolina. Toyota introdujo una versi&#243;n h&#237;brida de combustible flexible del Corolla anteriormente; Stellantis, General Motors y otros fabricantes chinos han anunciado o lanzado modelos h&#237;bridos flex. El veh&#237;culo de BYD es el primero en combinar capacidad enchufable con operaci&#243;n flex completa producido localmente a escala.</p><p>India ha acelerado la mezcla de etanol, alcanzando el objetivo de E20 antes de los cronogramas anteriores. Las estaciones limitadas de E85 se est&#225;n expandiendo, con planes de cientos m&#225;s para finales de 2026 y varios miles despu&#233;s. Los fabricantes de autom&#243;viles, incluyendo Maruti Suzuki, han lanzado modelos de combustible flexible capaces de alto contenido de etanol, y Toyota ha probado prototipos de h&#237;bridos flex. Las declaraciones de pol&#237;tica indican que las mezclas m&#225;s altas y los veh&#237;culos flex se consideran complementarios a la electrificaci&#243;n m&#225;s que como un sustituto, particularmente en regiones con fuerte suministro de materia prima agr&#237;cola. La tecnolog&#237;a desarrollada para Brasil podr&#237;a encontrar por lo tanto un segundo mercado si las condiciones regulatorias y comerciales se alinean.</p><p>Otros pa&#237;ses de Am&#233;rica Latina y el Sudeste Asi&#225;tico poseen grados variables de capacidad de biocombustibles o experiencia flex existente. Tailandia ha operado veh&#237;culos flex durante a&#241;os. En contraste, China ha perseguido el despliegue a gran escala de veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a respaldado por redes de carga densas y una fuerte pol&#237;tica industrial. Los mercados europeos enfatizan las v&#237;as de bater&#237;a el&#233;ctrica y, en algunos casos, de hidr&#243;geno, con infraestructura limitada de etanol de alta mezcla. Estados Unidos se basa principalmente en la mezcla de bajo nivel E10, con E85 disponible solo en regiones seleccionadas.</p><h3>V&#237;as para los mercados en desarrollo</h3><p>En muchas econom&#237;as en desarrollo la densidad de estaciones de combustible l&#237;quido ya es alta, mientras que las redes de carga siguen siendo escasas o desiguales y las redes el&#233;ctricas pueden estar limitadas. Los costos de las bater&#237;as y las cadenas de suministro de minerales introducen incertidumbres adicionales. La preferencia de los consumidores a menudo favorece veh&#237;culos que pueden viajar largas distancias sin planificar alrededor de cargadores. Los intereses agr&#237;colas e industriales locales pueden apoyar el uso continuo de biocombustibles. Los entornos de pol&#237;tica frecuentemente permanecen tecnol&#243;gicamente neutrales en lugar de mandatos puramente el&#233;ctricos.</p><p>Bajo estas condiciones, los veh&#237;culos que combinan electrificaci&#243;n con capacidad de combustible l&#237;quido, ya sean h&#237;bridos enchufables flex o dise&#241;os de autonom&#237;a extendida, pueden reducir las barreras que enfrentan los veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a. Permiten la expansi&#243;n gradual de la infraestructura de carga mientras utilizan la red de combustible existente. Los veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a siguen siendo atractivos en corredores urbanos densos con redes confiables y fuerte apoyo de pol&#237;ticas. Los veh&#237;culos de dos y tres ruedas, las flotas comerciales y las regiones con redes particularmente d&#233;biles presentan variaciones adicionales. En per&#237;odos m&#225;s largos, la ca&#237;da de los costos de las bater&#237;as y las mejoras de la red pueden cambiar el equilibrio, pero las transiciones de m&#250;ltiples v&#237;as parecen m&#225;s consistentes con la infraestructura y las realidades econ&#243;micas actuales que una trayectoria global &#250;nica.</p><h3>An&#225;lisis de redes del lanzamiento de Cama&#231;ari como evento de puente</h3><p>El lanzamiento y la localizaci&#243;n de agosto de 2026 del Song Pro Flex en Cama&#231;ari pueden examinarse como un evento de puente dentro de redes multicapa de energ&#237;a-movilidad. Las capas relevantes incluyen la complementariedad de infraestructura, la difusi&#243;n de tecnolog&#237;a y la colaboraci&#243;n en I+D, la adopci&#243;n de mercado y la resiliencia de la cadena de suministro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png" width="1456" height="3246" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Y-xT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe48a367-df03-4a19-9da6-11c30c3c4760_3326x7415.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En la capa de infraestructura la red de estaciones de etanol y gasolina exhibe alto agrupamiento porque las estaciones son numerosas y ampliamente distribuidas despu&#233;s de d&#233;cadas de pol&#237;tica de combustible flexible. La red de carga permanece m&#225;s escasa. El h&#237;brido enchufable flex funciona como un nodo de alta intermediaci&#243;n que puede utilizar bordes en ambas redes, reduciendo el cl&#225;sico problema del huevo y la gallina que enfrentan los veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a cuando los puntos de carga son escasos.</p><p>En la capa de tecnolog&#237;a el conocimiento chino de DM-i y de bater&#237;as fluye a trav&#233;s de equipos de codesarrollo hacia grupos de ingenier&#237;a brasile&#241;os. La localizaci&#243;n en Cama&#231;ari eleva el coeficiente de agrupamiento entre los proveedores locales y acorta las longitudes de ruta que anteriormente pasaban por nodos chinos distantes, reduciendo la centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n de esos v&#237;nculos globales.</p><p>En la capa de mercado el aumento temprano de ventas crea apego preferencial: vol&#250;menes m&#225;s altos atraen m&#225;s concesionarios y servicios complementarios, generando cascadas de adopci&#243;n que se construyen sobre la red de combustible densa existente en lugar de requerir un conjunto completamente nuevo de bordes. Estudios hist&#243;ricos de la transici&#243;n anterior de combustible flexible de Brasil documentaron efectos de red bilaterales similares, en los que la entrada de estaciones adicionales de etanol elev&#243; la probabilidad de compras de veh&#237;culos flex y una masa cr&#237;tica de veh&#237;culos hizo rentables las nuevas estaciones.</p><p>En la capa de cadena de suministro el movimiento hacia m&#225;s del 50 por ciento de contenido local y los planes de bater&#237;as en sitio densifican los agrupamientos locales y mejoran la robustez bajo la eliminaci&#243;n de nodos o bordes, ya sea causada por escasez de minerales, interrupciones de env&#237;o o picos de precios del petr&#243;leo.</p><p>Tomados en conjunto, la topolog&#237;a favorece arquitecturas que pueden explotar y reforzar redes de infraestructura e industriales ya densas y de alto agrupamiento. La difusi&#243;n puramente el&#233;ctrica de bater&#237;a, por el contrario, requiere la construcci&#243;n simult&#225;nea de una nueva capa complementaria de puntos de carga. El mismo marco puede aplicarse a la red emergente de etanol de India o contrastarse con los gr&#225;ficos de carga m&#225;s densos encontrados en partes de China y Europa. Los modelos de difusi&#243;n y los juegos evolutivos en redes sugieren adem&#225;s que los instrumentos de pol&#237;tica calibrados a la estructura de red existente pueden acelerar la adopci&#243;n h&#237;brida con mayor facilidad que los instrumentos que asumen una topolog&#237;a puramente el&#233;ctrica desde el principio.</p><h3>Perspectivas</h3><p>La localizaci&#243;n de la producci&#243;n y la creaci&#243;n de capacidad de exportaci&#243;n regional forman parte de la estrategia industrial tanto para BYD como para los formuladores de pol&#237;ticas brasile&#241;os. La seguridad energ&#233;tica se beneficia de la menor dependencia del petr&#243;leo importado cuando se utiliza etanol. Los resultados clim&#225;ticos dependen de la mezcla real de electricidad, etanol y gasolina consumida y de las participaciones reales de conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica. Geopol&#237;ticamente el encuentro de la tecnolog&#237;a de electrificaci&#243;n china con los sistemas de biocombustibles brasile&#241;os crea nuevos v&#237;nculos comerciales. La dependencia continua de v&#237;as h&#237;bridas puede ralentizar la tasa a la que los veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a alcanzan escala, pero tambi&#233;n proporciona un puente pr&#225;ctico mientras se expanden las redes de carga y las redes el&#233;ctricas.</p><p>El experimento brasile&#241;o no demuestra que los h&#237;bridos enchufables de combustible flexible se convertir&#225;n en la soluci&#243;n dominante en todas partes. S&#237; muestra que, bajo condiciones espec&#237;ficas de infraestructura densa de combustible l&#237;quido, electricidad renovable sustancial, capacidad local de biocombustibles y pol&#237;tica tecnol&#243;gicamente neutral, tales veh&#237;culos constituyen una opci&#243;n viable entre otras. Los mercados que enfrentan restricciones comparables pueden encontrar &#250;til la misma combinaci&#243;n mientras construyen la infraestructura requerida para una electrificaci&#243;n m&#225;s profunda.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n</h3><p>El Song Pro Super-H&#237;brido Flex Fuel ilustra una respuesta pr&#225;ctica a la combinaci&#243;n de sistemas de biocombustibles establecidos e infraestructura de carga incompleta. La flexibilidad t&#233;cnica, la densidad de estaciones existente y la capacidad industrial local respaldan su introducci&#243;n. Los beneficios de emisiones en relaci&#243;n con los veh&#237;culos puramente el&#233;ctricos de bater&#237;a permanecen condicionados a los patrones de uso y a la elecci&#243;n de combustible. La estructura de red ayuda a explicar por qu&#233; las arquitecturas h&#237;bridas pueden difundirse con mayor facilidad en ciertas topolog&#237;as que las puramente el&#233;ctricas. El resultado es una v&#237;a dependiente del contexto m&#225;s que una plantilla universal. La experiencia de Brasil suministra un caso detallado para la consideraci&#243;n en otros mercados en desarrollo que comparten perfiles de infraestructura y recursos similares.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;BYD debuts first Brazilian-made plug-in hybrid flex car as sales surge&#8221;, 4 de agosto de 2026. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/byd-debuts-first-brazilian-made-plug-in-hybrid-flex-car-sales-surge-2026-08-04/">https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/byd-debuts-first-brazilian-made-plug-in-hybrid-flex-car-sales-surge-2026-08-04/</a></p></li><li><p>CnEVPost, &#8220;BYD&#8217;s first Brazil-built plug-in hybrid goes on sale&#8221;, 5 de agosto de 2026. <a href="https://cnevpost.com/2026/08/05/byd-1st-brazil-built-phev-song-pro-flex-goes-on-sale/">https://cnevpost.com/2026/08/05/byd-1st-brazil-built-phev-song-pro-flex-goes-on-sale/</a></p></li><li><p>Rio Times, &#8220;BYD Flex-Fuel Hybrid Debuts in Brazil&#8221;, 5 de agosto de 2026. <a href="https://www.riotimesonline.com/?p=692697">https://www.riotimesonline.com/?p=692697</a></p></li><li><p>International Council on Clean Transportation, &#8220;The risks of betting on biofuels with flex-fuel plug-in hybrid cars in Brazil&#8221;, enero de 2024. <a href="https://theicct.org/risks-of-betting-on-biofuels-flex-fuel-plug-in-hybrid-cars-brazil-jan24/">https://theicct.org/risks-of-betting-on-biofuels-flex-fuel-plug-in-hybrid-cars-brazil-jan24/</a></p></li><li><p>International Council on Clean Transportation, &#8220;Comparison of the Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Combustion Engine and Electric Passenger Cars in Brazil&#8221;, octubre de 2023. <a href="https://theicct.org/publication/comparison-of-life-cycle-ghg-emissions-of-combustion-engines-and-electric-pv-brazil-oct23/">https://theicct.org/publication/comparison-of-life-cycle-ghg-emissions-of-combustion-engines-and-electric-pv-brazil-oct23/</a></p></li><li><p>International Council on Clean Transportation, documento de trabajo de CO2 de Brasil, 2025. <a href="https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ID-304-%E2%80%93-Brazil-CO2_working-paper_final-v2.pdf">https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ID-304-%E2%80%93-Brazil-CO2_working-paper_final-v2.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Resumenes de datos de carga de ABVE / Tupi, mediados de 2026. <a href="https://carregados.com.br/dados-sobre-o-mercado-eletrico">https://carregados.com.br/dados-sobre-o-mercado-eletrico</a> y reportes relacionados de ABVE.</p></li><li><p>Folha de S.Paulo, crecimiento de puntos de carga, junio de 2026. <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/eduardosodre/2026/06/rede-de-recarga-cresce-e-tenta-acompanhar-alta-nas-vendas-de-carros-eletricos.shtml">https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/eduardosodre/2026/06/rede-de-recarga-cresce-e-tenta-acompanhar-alta-nas-vendas-de-carros-eletricos.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>EPE / Balance Energ&#233;tico Brasile&#241;o 2026 (a&#241;o base 2025). <a href="https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-975/topico-847/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2026_EN.pdf">https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-975/topico-847/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2026_EN.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Ember, datos de electricidad de Brasil 2025. <a href="https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/brazil/">https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/brazil/</a></p></li><li><p>Chambers Practice Guides, Generaci&#243;n de Energ&#237;a Brasil 2026. <a href="https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/power-generation-transmission-distribution-2026/brazil">https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/power-generation-transmission-distribution-2026/brazil</a></p></li><li><p>ETAuto, &#8220;India&#8217;s Unique Ethanol Strategy&#8221;, junio de 2026. <a href="https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-lubes/indias-unique-ethanol-strategy-balancing-flex-fuel-and-electric-vehicles/132050396">https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-lubes/indias-unique-ethanol-strategy-balancing-flex-fuel-and-electric-vehicles/132050396</a></p></li><li><p>Business Today, lanzamientos de veh&#237;culos de combustible flexible en India 2026. <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/the-new-flex-automakers-gear-up-flex-fuel-vehicle-launches-in-2026-537208-2026-06-16">https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/the-new-flex-automakers-gear-up-flex-fuel-vehicle-launches-in-2026-537208-2026-06-16</a></p></li><li><p>Deccan Herald, aclaraci&#243;n del Ministerio sobre pol&#237;tica de combustible flexible, agosto de 2026. <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/no-separate-policy-for-flex-fuel-vehicles-beyond-e20-says-heavy-industries-ministry-4099487">https://www.deccanherald.com/india/no-separate-policy-for-flex-fuel-vehicles-beyond-e20-says-heavy-industries-ministry-4099487</a></p></li><li><p>JETRO, tendencias de la industria automotriz de Brasil 2025&#8211;2026. <a href="https://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/areareports/2026/378f85cb2acee270.html">https://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/areareports/2026/378f85cb2acee270.html</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Finland’s Sand Battery ]]></title><description><![CDATA[And How it Kept Homes Warm Through Extreme Price Swings of &#8364;3 to &#8364;373 per MWh]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/finlands-sand-battery</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/finlands-sand-battery</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 18:27:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 5-august-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png" width="1108" height="1246" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1246,&quot;width&quot;:1108,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:877439,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209963777?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!37Oi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc3b0344-2015-4a4d-9638-d1b68bc92880_1108x1246.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the small southern Finnish municipality of Pornainen, population roughly 5,000, a steel silo filled with 2,000 tonnes of crushed soapstone has become the primary source of heat for the local district heating network. Commissioned in June 2025 by Loviisan L&#228;mp&#246; and built by Polar Night Energy, the installation stores 100 megawatt-hours of thermal energy at temperatures of 500&#8211;600 &#176;C. During its first full year of operation it reduced greenhouse-gas emissions from the heating network by 70 per cent, eliminated oil use entirely, cut biomass consumption by 60 per cent, and maintained 100 per cent supply reliability.</p><p>The timing of that first year proved decisive. The winter of 2025&#8211;2026 was unusually cold even by Finnish standards. Nordic electricity prices swung, within a single week, from &#8364;3 per megawatt-hour to &#8364;373 per megawatt-hour. The sand battery charged preferentially on the cheapest surplus hours and continued to deliver steady heat, demonstrating both technical performance and a practical form of system resilience.</p><h3>Why thermal storage is moving to the centre of the renewable discussion</h3><p>Heat accounts for a substantial share of final energy demand across Europe and beyond. In cold climates the seasonal mismatch between renewable generation and heating load is particularly acute. Wind and solar output can be abundant and inexpensive when conditions are favourable, yet heat demand peaks during the darkest, coldest weeks when renewable production is often lowest. Conventional chemical batteries excel at short-duration electricity storage measured in hours. They are less well suited to the multi-day and multi-week buffering required for district heating and industrial process heat.</p><p>The Pornainen project sits at the intersection of three developments: the rapid growth of variable renewable generation in the Nordic market, the existence of mature district-heating infrastructure in Finland and many other countries, and the commercial maturation of high-temperature solid-media thermal storage. Polar Night Energy&#8217;s earlier 8 MWh pilot in Kankaanp&#228;&#228; (2022) had already shown technical viability. The jump to 100 MWh provided the first commercial-scale data under real winter stress.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" title="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p1Tf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1fdd7b2-f745-47b2-81b9-22c167768c8d_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy">interestingengineering.com</a></p><h3>How a sand battery works</h3><p>The principle is deliberately simple. Surplus electricity from the grid is converted into heat by resistive elements. Air or a heat-transfer fluid carries that heat into a heavily insulated silo packed with solid particles&#8212;crushed soapstone in Pornainen, ordinary natural sand in the forthcoming larger unit. The solid medium stores the energy as sensible heat. When heat is required, the same heat-exchanger network extracts it and transfers it into the district-heating water circuit.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" title="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zPHV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe249d83b-2b48-4528-a303-180f758144c2_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy">interestingengineering.com</a></p><p>Because the medium is solid and chemically stable, there is no phase-change degradation and no cycle-life limit of the kind that constrains lithium-ion cells. Design life is measured in decades. Round-trip thermal efficiency at Pornainen has been reported above 85 per cent, with heat retained for days to weeks depending on insulation and ambient conditions.</p><h3>Results from the first year and the project pipeline</h3><p>After twelve months of continuous operation the Pornainen battery met or exceeded its design targets. Efficiency exceeded 85 per cent. District-heating supply reliability stood at 100 per cent. Greenhouse-gas emissions from the network fell by 70 per cent (approximately 160 tonnes of CO&#8322;-equivalent annually). Oil consumption dropped to zero. Biomass use declined by 60 per cent. On average the system charged at prices 70&#8211;80 per cent below the spot-market average; in some months the differential exceeded 90 per cent.</p><p>Mayor Antti Kuusela has noted that the municipality now heats all its public buildings, including a new sports arena opening in September 2026, entirely through the district-heating network that the sand battery supplies.</p><p>A larger unit is already under construction for Lahti Energia in V&#228;&#228;ksy. Rated at 2 MW thermal power and 250 MWh storage capacity, it will use roughly 2,400 tonnes of locally sourced natural sand and is scheduled for commissioning in 2027. Once complete it will become the world&#8217;s largest sand-based thermal store. Polar Night Energy is also running a power-to-heat-to-power pilot in Valkeakoski (2025&#8211;2027) to test conversion of stored heat back into electricity, with targeted electrical efficiencies in the 30&#8211;35 per cent range and combined heat-and-power efficiencies approaching 90 per cent.</p><p>Interest has been reported from every continent, particularly from communities still dependent on coal or oil for heat. Parallel developments elsewhere include Magaldi&#8217;s fluidised-bed silica-sand systems in Italy for industrial process heat and ongoing particle-based thermal-storage demonstrations at the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory aimed at both heat and power applications.</p><h3>Comparative advantages and limitations</h3><p>For pure heat applications the economics favour solid-media storage. Material costs are low, critical minerals are absent, and the storage duration matches the multi-day needs of district heating far better than lithium-ion systems designed for four-hour cycles. Safety is inherent: there is no thermal runaway risk. Against these strengths stand lower volumetric energy density and the current optimisation for heat rather than electricity. Converting stored heat back to power incurs thermodynamic losses governed by Carnot limits; early pilot results remain in the low-to-mid thirties per cent electrical efficiency. Other thermal options such as molten salt or large hot-water tanks offer different temperature and duration profiles; sand systems occupy a middle range that is particularly useful for temperatures of a few hundred degrees Celsius.</p><h3>Economics and enabling conditions</h3><p>Levelised cost of heat estimates for sand batteries paired with surplus renewable electricity fall in the low tens of euros per megawatt-hour thermal. The ability to charge only on the cheapest hours creates a structural arbitrage opportunity. Policy support has been material: both the Pornainen and V&#228;&#228;ksy projects received energy-aid grants from Business Finland. Existing district-heating networks, already widespread in the Nordics, parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and China, provide ready offtake infrastructure that reduces deployment friction.</p><h3>Large-scale applications</h3><p>The most immediate expansion path is further district-heating networks in cold and temperate climates. Industrial process heat represents a larger long-term market. Temperatures of 200&#8211;600 &#176;C cover a substantial fraction of demand in food and beverage processing, pulp and paper, chemicals, and brewing. Hybrid or full conversion of existing fossil-fired heat plants is under discussion, as is the longer-term possibility of converting retired coal or gas stations into thermal batteries that absorb renewable electricity and re-deliver steam or heat. Seasonal storage roles remain attractive where chemical batteries become prohibitively expensive for multi-week durations. Once heat-to-power conversion matures, the same solid medium could support longer-duration electricity storage in selected locations.</p><h3>Network analysis: the sand battery as a central buffer during extreme volatility</h3><p>The 2025&#8211;2026 winter provides a concrete case for examining the local energy system as a multi-layer network. Variable renewable generation forms the first layer. The wholesale electricity market translates those fluctuations into price signals that swung from &#8364;3 to &#8364;373 per megawatt-hour within a single week. District-heating demand (households and public buildings) constitutes the third layer. Backup generation (the wood-chip plant and residual oil capacity) forms the fourth.</p><p>The sand battery enters as a high-capacity storage node with connections to both the electricity market and the heat network. Its betweenness centrality is high: it sits on the critical paths that previously linked cheap surplus generation directly to heat demand or, during scarcity, linked high prices to fossil backups.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png" width="1456" height="2822" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2822,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:646825,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209963777?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Ut!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c61ecfa-fe95-4692-b7d4-03d1aafbe00f_2706x5245.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Buffering and temporal decoupling are the most visible effects. The battery absorbs low-price surplus flows and releases heat on a different timescale, creating new temporal edges that loosen the real-time coupling between generation or price shocks and heat supply. Resilience metrics improved: heat supply reliability remained 100 per cent, oil use fell to zero, and the cascade from high prices into fossil combustion was materially reduced. The storage node&#8217;s centrality increased while the centrality of the oil boilers declined to zero. Robustness of the overall system (its ability to maintain heat delivery under price or renewable-generation shocks) rose, as evidenced by the combination of full reliability and large price-arbitrage gains.</p><p>The same physical object that stores heat therefore rewires the flow of energy, money and emissions across the interconnected layers.</p><h3>Challenges and open questions</h3><p>Engineering scale-up beyond the current hundreds of megawatt-hours will test materials handling, insulation performance and control systems. Market design still undervalues long-duration thermal storage relative to short-duration electricity services. Heat-to-power conversion efficiency must improve if the technology is to compete in pure electricity markets. Competition from other long-duration options (compressed air, flow batteries, hydrogen, advanced pumped hydro) remains real. Policy frameworks that recognise the value of thermal flexibility will influence the pace of adoption.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The Pornainen installation has moved sand-based thermal storage from demonstration to commercial operation under demanding conditions. It has delivered measurable emissions reductions, full oil displacement and high reliability while exploiting extreme price volatility for economic advantage. The technology is already matched to the large thermal share of the energy system and to the existing infrastructure of district heating. Larger units under construction and industrial pilots elsewhere will determine how widely the approach spreads. Where heat demand is high, materials are local and multi-day buffering is required, solid-media thermal storage now offers a proven, commercially operating option.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>CNBC, &#8220;Finland&#8217;s radical answer to renewable energy&#8217;s biggest headache: The world&#8217;s largest sand battery&#8221;, 25 July 2026. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/25/finland-sand-battery-renewable-energy-storage.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/25/finland-sand-battery-renewable-energy-storage.html</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery achieves its targets &#8211; Emissions reduced by 70%&#8221;, 11 June 2026. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-achieves-its-targets-emissions-reduced-by-70/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-achieves-its-targets-emissions-reduced-by-70/</a></p></li><li><p>Interesting Engineering, &#8220;The world&#8217;s largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&#8221;, 28 April 2026. <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy">https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy</a></p></li><li><p>bne IntelliNews, &#8220;World&#8217;s largest sand battery survives its worst winter, ready for roll out&#8221;, 3 May 2026. <a href="https://www.intellinews.com/world-s-largest-sand-battery-survives-its-worst-winter-ready-for-roll-out-440627/">https://www.intellinews.com/world-s-largest-sand-battery-survives-its-worst-winter-ready-for-roll-out-440627/</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;Lahti Energia&#8217;s Sand Battery construction progresses on schedule&#8221;, 8 June 2026. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energias-sand-battery-construction-progresses-on-schedule/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energias-sand-battery-construction-progresses-on-schedule/</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;Lahti Energia invests in a Sand Battery&#8221;, 25 November 2025. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energia-invests-in-a-sand-battery-towards-climate-friendly-and-cost-efficient-energy/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energia-invests-in-a-sand-battery-towards-climate-friendly-and-cost-efficient-energy/</a></p></li><li><p>IFLScience, &#8220;One Year On, The World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery Has Reduced Local Emissions By 70 Percent&#8221;, 13 June 2026. <a href="https://www.iflscience.com/one-year-on-the-worlds-largest-sand-battery-is-showing-how-a-new-way-is-possible-83807">https://www.iflscience.com/one-year-on-the-worlds-largest-sand-battery-is-showing-how-a-new-way-is-possible-83807</a></p></li><li><p>OilPrice.com, &#8220;The World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery Is Now Online&#8221;, 28 July 2026. <a href="https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Worlds-Largest-Sand-Battery-Is-Now-Online.html">https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Worlds-Largest-Sand-Battery-Is-Now-Online.html</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;Sand to Power Pilot&#8221;. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/reference/sand-to-power-pilot/">https://polarnightenergy.com/reference/sand-to-power-pilot/</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery Now in Operation&#8221;, 11 June 2025. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-now-in-operation/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-now-in-operation/</a></p></li><li><p>Magaldi Green Energy, MGTES project references and industrial deployments. <a href="https://www.magaldigreenenergy.com/">https://www.magaldigreenenergy.com/</a></p></li><li><p>SolarPACES / NREL reporting on particle-based long-duration thermal energy storage demonstrations. <a href="https://www.solarpaces.org/100-hour-thermal-energy-storage-in-sand-begins-nrel-demo/">https://www.solarpaces.org/100-hour-thermal-energy-storage-in-sand-begins-nrel-demo/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Batería de arena en Finlandia ]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#243;mo mantuvo calientes los hogares durante oscilaciones extremas de precios de 3 a 373 euros por MWh]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/bateria-de-arena-en-finlandia</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/bateria-de-arena-en-finlandia</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 18:27:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 5-agosto-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png" width="1344" height="1388" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1388,&quot;width&quot;:1344,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1080566,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209963765?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!suvb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc77b1bcd-50b3-4d7b-bb63-528961a31abb_1344x1388.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En el peque&#241;o municipio del sur de Finlandia llamado Pornainen, con una poblaci&#243;n de aproximadamente 5,000 habitantes, un silo de acero lleno de 2,000 toneladas de esteatita triturada se ha convertido en la fuente principal de calor para la red local de calefacci&#243;n urbana. Puesto en marcha en junio de 2025 por Loviisan L&#228;mp&#246; y construido por Polar Night Energy, el sistema almacena 100 megavatios-hora de energ&#237;a t&#233;rmica a temperaturas de 500-600 &#176;C. Durante su primer a&#241;o completo de operaci&#243;n redujo las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de la red de calefacci&#243;n en un 70 por ciento, elimin&#243; por completo el uso de petr&#243;leo, disminuy&#243; el consumo de biomasa en un 60 por ciento y mantuvo una fiabilidad de suministro del 100 por ciento.</p><p>El momento de ese primer a&#241;o result&#243; decisivo. El invierno de 2025-2026 fue inusualmente fr&#237;o incluso para los est&#225;ndares finlandeses. Los precios de la electricidad en el mercado n&#243;rdico oscilaron, dentro de una sola semana, desde 3 euros por megavatio-hora hasta 373 euros por megavatio-hora. La bater&#237;a de arena se carg&#243; preferentemente en las horas de excedente m&#225;s baratas y continu&#243; entregando calor de forma estable, demostrando tanto un rendimiento t&#233;cnico s&#243;lido como una forma pr&#225;ctica de resiliencia del sistema.</p><h3>Por qu&#233; el almacenamiento t&#233;rmico est&#225; pasando al centro del debate sobre renovables</h3><p>El calor representa una parte sustancial de la demanda final de energ&#237;a en Europa y en el resto del mundo. En climas fr&#237;os el desajuste estacional entre la generaci&#243;n renovable y la carga de calefacci&#243;n es especialmente agudo. La producci&#243;n de e&#243;lica y solar puede ser abundante y barata cuando las condiciones son favorables, pero la demanda de calor alcanza su pico durante las semanas m&#225;s oscuras y fr&#237;as, cuando la producci&#243;n renovable suele ser menor. Las bater&#237;as qu&#237;micas convencionales destacan en el almacenamiento de electricidad de corta duraci&#243;n, medido en horas. Resultan menos adecuadas para el amortiguamiento de varios d&#237;as o semanas que requiere la calefacci&#243;n urbana y el calor de procesos industriales.</p><p>El proyecto de Pornainen se sit&#250;a en la intersecci&#243;n de tres desarrollos: el r&#225;pido crecimiento de la generaci&#243;n renovable variable en el mercado n&#243;rdico, la existencia de una infraestructura madura de calefacci&#243;n urbana en Finlandia y en muchos otros pa&#237;ses, y la maduraci&#243;n comercial del almacenamiento t&#233;rmico de alta temperatura con medios s&#243;lidos. El piloto anterior de 8 MWh de Polar Night Energy en Kankaanp&#228;&#228; (2022) ya hab&#237;a demostrado la viabilidad t&#233;cnica. El salto a 100 MWh proporcion&#243; los primeros datos a escala comercial bajo el estr&#233;s real de un invierno severo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" title="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dzAJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2b682e7-8a96-454f-b639-4ef193a3680a_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy">interestingengineering.com</a></p><h3>C&#243;mo funciona una bater&#237;a de arena</h3><p>El principio es deliberadamente sencillo. La electricidad excedente de la red se convierte en calor mediante elementos resistivos. Aire o un fluido de transferencia t&#233;rmica transporta ese calor hacia un silo fuertemente aislado relleno de part&#237;culas s&#243;lidas (esteatita triturada en Pornainen, arena natural ordinaria en la unidad mayor que se construye). El medio s&#243;lido almacena la energ&#237;a como calor sensible. Cuando se necesita calor, la misma red de intercambiadores lo extrae y lo transfiere al circuito de agua de la calefacci&#243;n urbana.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" title="The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k3uw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f2853ac-de9d-4389-885a-9698e6817e5c_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy">interestingengineering.com</a></p><p>Como el medio es s&#243;lido y qu&#237;micamente estable, no existe degradaci&#243;n por cambio de fase ni l&#237;mite de vida &#250;til por ciclos del tipo que restringe a las celdas de ion-litio. La vida &#250;til de dise&#241;o se mide en d&#233;cadas. La eficiencia t&#233;rmica de ida y vuelta en Pornainen se ha reportado por encima del 85 por ciento, con retenci&#243;n de calor durante d&#237;as o semanas seg&#250;n el aislamiento y las condiciones ambientales.</p><h3>Resultados del primer a&#241;o y la cartera de proyectos</h3><p>Tras doce meses de operaci&#243;n continua, la bater&#237;a de Pornainen cumpli&#243; o super&#243; sus objetivos de dise&#241;o. La eficiencia super&#243; el 85 por ciento. La fiabilidad del suministro de calefacci&#243;n urbana alcanz&#243; el 100 por ciento. Las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de la red disminuyeron un 70 por ciento (aproximadamente 160 toneladas de CO&#8322; equivalente al a&#241;o). El consumo de petr&#243;leo baj&#243; a cero. El uso de biomasa se redujo un 60 por ciento. En promedio el sistema se carg&#243; a precios entre un 70 y un 80 por ciento por debajo de la media del mercado spot; en algunos meses la diferencia super&#243; el 90 por ciento.</p><p>El alcalde Antti Kuusela ha se&#241;alado que el municipio ahora calienta todos sus edificios p&#250;blicos, incluido un nuevo pabell&#243;n deportivo que se inaugurar&#225; en septiembre de 2026, exclusivamente a trav&#233;s de la red de calefacci&#243;n urbana que alimenta la bater&#237;a de arena.</p><p>Ya est&#225; en construcci&#243;n una unidad mayor para Lahti Energia en V&#228;&#228;ksy. Con una potencia t&#233;rmica de 2 MW y una capacidad de almacenamiento de 250 MWh, utilizar&#225; aproximadamente 2.400 toneladas de arena natural de origen local y est&#225; programada para su puesta en marcha en 2027. Una vez terminada se convertir&#225; en el mayor almac&#233;n t&#233;rmico basado en arena del mundo. Polar Night Energy tambi&#233;n desarrolla un piloto de potencia a calor a potencia en Valkeakoski (2025-2027) para probar la conversi&#243;n del calor almacenado de nuevo en electricidad, con eficiencias el&#233;ctricas objetivo en el rango del 30-35 por ciento y eficiencias combinadas de calor y electricidad cercanas al 90 por ciento.</p><p>Se ha reportado inter&#233;s desde todos los continentes, especialmente de comunidades que a&#250;n dependen del carb&#243;n o del petr&#243;leo para el calor. Desarrollos paralelos en otros lugares incluyen los sistemas de lecho fluidizado de arena de s&#237;lice de Magaldi en Italia para calor de procesos industriales y las demostraciones en curso de almacenamiento t&#233;rmico basado en part&#237;culas del Laboratorio Nacional de Energ&#237;as Renovables de Estados Unidos orientadas tanto a calor como a potencia.</p><h3>Ventajas comparativas y limitaciones</h3><p>Para aplicaciones puramente de calor, la econom&#237;a favorece el almacenamiento con medios s&#243;lidos. Los costes de material son bajos, no se requieren minerales cr&#237;ticos y la duraci&#243;n de almacenamiento se ajusta mucho mejor a las necesidades de varios d&#237;as de la calefacci&#243;n urbana que los sistemas de ion-litio dise&#241;ados para ciclos de cuatro horas. La seguridad es inherente: no existe riesgo de descontrol t&#233;rmico. Frente a estas fortalezas se sit&#250;an la menor densidad volum&#233;trica de energ&#237;a y la optimizaci&#243;n actual hacia el calor en lugar de la electricidad. Convertir el calor almacenado de nuevo en potencia implica p&#233;rdidas termodin&#225;micas gobernadas por los l&#237;mites de Carnot; los primeros resultados de los pilotos se mantienen en el rango bajo-medio del treinta por ciento de eficiencia el&#233;ctrica. Otras opciones t&#233;rmicas como las sales fundidas o los grandes tanques de agua caliente ofrecen perfiles diferentes de temperatura y duraci&#243;n; los sistemas de arena ocupan un rango intermedio especialmente &#250;til para temperaturas de unos pocos cientos de grados Celsius.</p><h3>Econom&#237;a y condiciones habilitantes</h3><p>Las estimaciones del coste nivelado del calor para bater&#237;as de arena combinadas con electricidad renovable excedente se sit&#250;an en las decenas bajas de euros por megavatio-hora t&#233;rmico. La capacidad de cargar &#250;nicamente en las horas m&#225;s baratas crea una oportunidad estructural de arbitraje. El apoyo de pol&#237;ticas ha sido material: tanto el proyecto de Pornainen como el de V&#228;&#228;ksy recibieron subvenciones de ayuda energ&#233;tica de Business Finland. Las redes de calefacci&#243;n urbana ya existentes, ampliamente extendidas en los pa&#237;ses n&#243;rdicos, partes de Europa Central y Oriental y China, proporcionan una infraestructura de offtake lista que reduce la fricci&#243;n del despliegue.</p><h3>Aplicaciones a gran escala</h3><p>La v&#237;a de expansi&#243;n m&#225;s inmediata son las redes adicionales de calefacci&#243;n urbana en climas fr&#237;os y templados. El calor de procesos industriales representa un mercado a largo plazo m&#225;s grande. Temperaturas de 200-600 &#176;C cubren una fracci&#243;n sustancial de la demanda en el procesamiento de alimentos y bebidas, pasta y papel, qu&#237;micos y elaboraci&#243;n de cerveza. Se discute la conversi&#243;n h&#237;brida o completa de plantas de calor existentes alimentadas por combustibles f&#243;siles, as&#237; como la posibilidad a m&#225;s largo plazo de convertir centrales de carb&#243;n o gas retiradas en bater&#237;as t&#233;rmicas que absorban electricidad renovable y reentreguen vapor o calor. Los roles de almacenamiento estacional siguen siendo atractivos all&#237; donde las bater&#237;as qu&#237;micas se vuelven prohibitivamente costosas para duraciones de varias semanas. Una vez que madure la conversi&#243;n de calor a potencia, el mismo medio s&#243;lido podr&#237;a apoyar el almacenamiento de electricidad de mayor duraci&#243;n en ubicaciones seleccionadas.</p><h3>An&#225;lisis de red: la bater&#237;a de arena como nodo amortiguador central durante la volatilidad extrema</h3><p>El invierno 2025-2026 ofrece un caso concreto para examinar el sistema energ&#233;tico local como una red multicapa. La generaci&#243;n renovable variable forma la primera capa. El mercado mayorista de electricidad traduce esas fluctuaciones en se&#241;ales de precio que oscilaron desde 3 hasta 373 euros por megavatio-hora en una sola semana. La demanda de calefacci&#243;n urbana (hogares y edificios p&#250;blicos) constituye la tercera capa. La generaci&#243;n de respaldo (la planta de chips de madera y la capacidad residual de petr&#243;leo) forma la cuarta.</p><p>La bater&#237;a de arena entra como un nodo de almacenamiento de alta capacidad con conexiones tanto al mercado el&#233;ctrico como a la red de calor. Su centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n (betweenness) es alta: se sit&#250;a en los caminos cr&#237;ticos que anteriormente vinculaban la generaci&#243;n excedente barata directamente con la demanda de calor o, durante la escasez, vinculaban los precios altos con los respaldos f&#243;siles.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png" width="1456" height="2201" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2201,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:779184,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209963765?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!25_T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc723ad28-aa92-4f60-9b63-82f9aeac6a43_3539x5350.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El amortiguamiento y el desacoplamiento temporal son los efectos m&#225;s visibles. La bater&#237;a absorbe flujos de excedente de bajo precio y libera calor en una escala temporal diferente, creando nuevos bordes temporales que aflojan el acoplamiento en tiempo real entre los choques de generaci&#243;n o de precio y el suministro de calor. Las m&#233;tricas de resiliencia mejoraron: la fiabilidad del suministro de calor se mantuvo en el 100 por ciento, el uso de petr&#243;leo cay&#243; a cero y la cascada desde precios altos hacia la combusti&#243;n de f&#243;siles se redujo de forma material. La centralidad del nodo de almacenamiento aument&#243; mientras que la centralidad de las calderas de petr&#243;leo descendi&#243; a cero. La robustez del sistema en conjunto (su capacidad de mantener la entrega de calor bajo choques de precio o de generaci&#243;n renovable) se elev&#243;, como evidencian la combinaci&#243;n de fiabilidad plena y las grandes ganancias de arbitraje de precios.</p><p>El mismo objeto f&#237;sico que almacena calor reconfigura por tanto el flujo de energ&#237;a, dinero y emisiones a trav&#233;s de las capas interconectadas.</p><h3>Desaf&#237;os y preguntas abiertas</h3><p>El escalado de ingenier&#237;a m&#225;s all&#225; de los actuales cientos de megavatios-hora pondr&#225; a prueba el manejo de materiales, el rendimiento del aislamiento y los sistemas de control. El dise&#241;o de mercado a&#250;n infravalora el almacenamiento t&#233;rmico de larga duraci&#243;n en relaci&#243;n con los servicios de electricidad de corta duraci&#243;n. La eficiencia de conversi&#243;n de calor a potencia debe mejorar si la tecnolog&#237;a ha de competir en mercados puramente el&#233;ctricos. La competencia de otras opciones de larga duraci&#243;n (aire comprimido, bater&#237;as de flujo, hidr&#243;geno, hidroel&#233;ctrica de bombeo avanzada) sigue siendo real. Los marcos de pol&#237;tica que reconozcan el valor de la flexibilidad t&#233;rmica influir&#225;n en el ritmo de adopci&#243;n.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n</h3><p>La instalaci&#243;n de Pornainen ha llevado el almacenamiento t&#233;rmico basado en arena desde la demostraci&#243;n hasta la operaci&#243;n comercial en condiciones exigentes. Ha entregado reducciones mensurables de emisiones, el desplazamiento completo del petr&#243;leo y una alta fiabilidad mientras explotaba la volatilidad extrema de precios en beneficio econ&#243;mico. La tecnolog&#237;a ya est&#225; adaptada a la gran proporci&#243;n t&#233;rmica del sistema energ&#233;tico y a la infraestructura existente de calefacci&#243;n urbana. Las unidades mayores en construcci&#243;n y los pilotos industriales en otros lugares determinar&#225;n hasta d&#243;nde se extiende el enfoque. All&#237; donde la demanda de calor es alta, los materiales son locales y se requiere amortiguamiento de varios d&#237;as, el almacenamiento t&#233;rmico con medios s&#243;lidos ofrece ahora una opci&#243;n probada y en operaci&#243;n comercial.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>CNBC, &#8220;Finland&#8217;s radical answer to renewable energy&#8217;s biggest headache: The world&#8217;s largest sand battery&#8221;, 25 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/25/finland-sand-battery-renewable-energy-storage.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/25/finland-sand-battery-renewable-energy-storage.html</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery achieves its targets &#8211; Emissions reduced by 70%&#8221;, 11 de junio de 2026. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-achieves-its-targets-emissions-reduced-by-70/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-achieves-its-targets-emissions-reduced-by-70/</a></p></li><li><p>Interesting Engineering, &#8220;The world&#8217;s largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter&#8221;, 28 de abril de 2026. <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy">https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sand-battery-polar-night-energy</a></p></li><li><p>bne IntelliNews, &#8220;World&#8217;s largest sand battery survives its worst winter, ready for roll out&#8221;, 3 de mayo de 2026. <a href="https://www.intellinews.com/world-s-largest-sand-battery-survives-its-worst-winter-ready-for-roll-out-440627/">https://www.intellinews.com/world-s-largest-sand-battery-survives-its-worst-winter-ready-for-roll-out-440627/</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;Lahti Energia&#8217;s Sand Battery construction progresses on schedule&#8221;, 8 de junio de 2026. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energias-sand-battery-construction-progresses-on-schedule/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energias-sand-battery-construction-progresses-on-schedule/</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;Lahti Energia invests in a Sand Battery&#8221;, 25 de noviembre de 2025. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energia-invests-in-a-sand-battery-towards-climate-friendly-and-cost-efficient-energy/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/lahti-energia-invests-in-a-sand-battery-towards-climate-friendly-and-cost-efficient-energy/</a></p></li><li><p>IFLScience, &#8220;One Year On, The World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery Has Reduced Local Emissions By 70 Percent&#8221;, 13 de junio de 2026. <a href="https://www.iflscience.com/one-year-on-the-worlds-largest-sand-battery-is-showing-how-a-new-way-is-possible-83807">https://www.iflscience.com/one-year-on-the-worlds-largest-sand-battery-is-showing-how-a-new-way-is-possible-83807</a></p></li><li><p>OilPrice.com, &#8220;The World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery Is Now Online&#8221;, 28 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Worlds-Largest-Sand-Battery-Is-Now-Online.html">https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Worlds-Largest-Sand-Battery-Is-Now-Online.html</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;Sand to Power Pilot&#8221;. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/reference/sand-to-power-pilot/">https://polarnightenergy.com/reference/sand-to-power-pilot/</a></p></li><li><p>Polar Night Energy, &#8220;World&#8217;s Largest Sand Battery Now in Operation&#8221;, 11 de junio de 2025. <a href="https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-now-in-operation/">https://polarnightenergy.com/news/worlds-largest-sand-battery-now-in-operation/</a></p></li><li><p>Magaldi Green Energy, referencias de proyectos MGTES y despliegues industriales. <a href="https://www.magaldigreenenergy.com/">https://www.magaldigreenenergy.com/</a></p></li><li><p>SolarPACES / NREL, reportes sobre demostraciones de almacenamiento t&#233;rmico de larga duraci&#243;n basado en part&#237;culas. <a href="https://www.solarpaces.org/100-hour-thermal-energy-storage-in-sand-begins-nrel-demo/">https://www.solarpaces.org/100-hour-thermal-energy-storage-in-sand-begins-nrel-demo/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Quiet Reach of Three Terawatts]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Solar Expanded Across Rooftops and Desert Farms, and Why China&#8217;s Price Rebound Will Not Halt Progress]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/the-quiet-reach-of-three-terawatts</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/the-quiet-reach-of-three-terawatts</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 16:07:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 4-august-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:242010,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209800323?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-yJl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3195ac21-c90f-4459-89ad-0f64736b4d22_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the early months of 2026 the world quietly passed a threshold that would once have seemed difficult. Cumulative installed solar photovoltaic capacity reached approximately three terawatts. The milestone attracted little public notice according to <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-03/the-world-crossed-a-major-solar-milestone-no-one-noticed">Bloomberg</a>. It arrived after a decade in which solar moved from a marginal technology to one of the principal sources of new electricity generation. The speed of the advance, the simultaneous growth of vast desert arrays and millions of small rooftop systems, and the central role of Chinese manufacturing together constitute one of the most consequential industrial transformations of the century.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg" width="618" height="495" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:495,&quot;width&quot;:618,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Solar Capacity Exceeds 3 Terawatts | Nicolas Fulghum posted on the topic |  LinkedIn&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Solar Capacity Exceeds 3 Terawatts | Nicolas Fulghum posted on the topic |  LinkedIn" title="Solar Capacity Exceeds 3 Terawatts | Nicolas Fulghum posted on the topic |  LinkedIn" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5XBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3f0f9af-1512-4261-ac37-72cc65328acb_618x495.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/nicolas-fulghum_solars-sharp-rise-continues-as-of-april-activity-7481022752766869504-iAEm">linkedin.com</a></p><h3>The Scale and Acceleration </h3><p>After the world crossed 100 gigawatts of solar capacity in 2012, it required roughly ten years to reach the first terawatt. The second terawatt arrived in less than three years. The third followed in under two years. By the end of 2025 global cumulative capacity stood near 2.9 terawatts, and early 2026 figures placed the total at or just above three terawatts.</p><p>Annual additions in 2025 ranged between 600 and 700 gigawatts according to different tracking organisations. China accounted for 55 to 60 percent of those additions, installing between 350 and 380 gigawatts in a single year. Solar generation rose by more than 600 terawatt-hours in 2025, meeting a substantial share of global electricity demand growth and, in combination with wind, helping to stall the rise in fossil generation in several major markets.</p><p>The visual evidence of this expansion is now ordinary. Panels cover industrial roofs in Europe, residential rooftops in South Asian cities, and stretches of desert in western China measured in tens of square kilometres. Forecasts from major research houses project cumulative capacity of six to seven terawatts by 2030 and higher figures thereafter, provided grid and storage constraints can be managed.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png" width="754" height="560" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:560,&quot;width&quot;:754,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Global cumulative installed solar PV capacity 2024| Statista&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Global cumulative installed solar PV capacity 2024| Statista" title="Global cumulative installed solar PV capacity 2024| Statista" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t0I9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fea55679d-1a83-4abf-aef4-5da34bf76e69_754x560.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/280220/global-cumulative-installed-solar-pv-capacity/?srsltid=AfmBOoq87_cqq4okgR-S0E3vp95ZgVs-nxCF8j61jT-JCoHXPG-MqQJj">statista.com</a></p><h3>Distributed Systems and Utility-Scale Projects as Complementary Paths</h3><p>Utility-scale installations continue to supply the greater part of new capacity in absolute terms. China&#8217;s desert and high-plateau complexes, some exceeding several gigawatts each and linked by ultra-high-voltage transmission lines to coastal demand centres, dominate global statistics. Large plants in India, the United States and parts of the Middle East follow similar patterns. Hybrid projects that pair solar with battery storage are increasingly common, improving the economic value of intermittent generation.</p><p>At the same time, distributed solar has expanded for distinct reasons. In Pakistan, Nigeria, the Philippines and several Latin American and Middle Eastern markets, households and small businesses have installed rooftop systems in response to high retail electricity prices and unreliable grid supply. In Europe and parts of the United States the same technology has been adopted for bill reduction and energy independence. Inside China, rural and commercial-and-industrial rooftops have contributed a significant share of domestic installations, often approaching 40 percent in recent years.</p><p>The technology&#8217;s modular character allows it to operate at every scale from a few hundred watts to multi-gigawatt plants. The two forms of deployment reinforce each other. Aggregated distributed resources form virtual power plants that provide flexibility to grids already hosting large solar farms. Battery storage improves the economics of both. The cost collapse that made desert mega-projects viable also made a single panel affordable to a household in Lahore or Lagos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg" width="1200" height="727" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:727,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;China Covered a Massive Desert with Solar Panels for Clean Energy, but the  Land Began to Evolve&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="China Covered a Massive Desert with Solar Panels for Clean Energy, but the  Land Began to Evolve" title="China Covered a Massive Desert with Solar Panels for Clean Energy, but the  Land Began to Evolve" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3pyg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbbd868a8-7a31-4349-9d7a-d7907d05c72b_1200x727.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://dailygalaxy.com/2026/03/china-desert-solar-farm-changing-ecosystem-beneath-panels/">dailygalaxy.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Pakistan's Solar Revolution Is Bringing Power to the People - Yale E360&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Pakistan's Solar Revolution Is Bringing Power to the People - Yale E360" title="Pakistan's Solar Revolution Is Bringing Power to the People - Yale E360" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-IZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0a5eb951-fd7f-471c-b76c-4fc1cce2dbbf_1500x844.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/pakistan-solar-boom">e360.yale.edu</a></p><h3>China&#8217;s Manufacturing Dominance, Overcapacity and the Price Collapse</h3><p>China now accounts for 80 to 90 percent or more of global production capacity across the entire solar value chain: polysilicon, wafers, cells and modules. Successive waves of industrial policy, intense competition among local governments for investment, rapid domestic deployment that created a large home market, and aggressive private-sector capacity expansion produced manufacturing capability that consistently outran even the rapid growth in global demand. By the mid-2020s annual module manufacturing capacity exceeded one terawatt while global installations remained well below that figure.</p><p>The resulting oversupply drove module prices to levels around 0.10 United States dollars per watt and, at times, below the cash costs of many producers. The price decline unlocked deployment in markets that would otherwise have remained uneconomic. Inside China the consequences included sustained losses for many manufacturers, capacity rationalisation, workforce reductions and official concern about &#8220;involution&#8221;, a cycle of cut-throat competition that left little surplus for reinvestment.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg" width="1001" height="563" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:563,&quot;width&quot;:1001,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chinese polysilicon producers see improved profits, module makers still  struggling - PV Tech&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chinese polysilicon producers see improved profits, module makers still  struggling - PV Tech" title="Chinese polysilicon producers see improved profits, module makers still  struggling - PV Tech" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QiFY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb9e38cd-c7fb-4661-bcae-21ccd8007eb2_1001x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.pv-tech.org/chinese-polysilicon-producers-see-improved-profits-module-makers-still-struggling/">pv-tech.org</a></p><h3>Subsidies as Catalyst Alongside Learning, Innovation and Scale</h3><p>Public support played a catalytic role. The OECD&#8217;s MAGIC database of industrial subsidies records total support for solar cell and module production of approximately 21 billion dollars between 2010 and 2024, with Chinese firms receiving roughly 17.4 billion dollars, or about 81 percent of the total. Solar manufacturing ranked as the most heavily subsidised sector among the fifteen industries covered by the database.</p><p>Yet subsidies alone do not explain the sustained cost reduction. Learning-by-doing effects consistent with Wright&#8217;s law, continuous improvements in cell architecture (from PERC to TOPCon and beyond), vertical integration by leading firms, and the sheer scale of domestic demand that provided a protected environment for process innovation all contributed. Demand-side measures, including earlier feed-in tariffs inside China, were equally important in creating the volume that drove learning. Analyses that attempt to decompose the long-run cost decline typically attribute roughly half to policy-supported scale and the remainder to technological and organisational progress. The industrial-policy investment has delivered substantial domestic welfare gains through lower energy costs and export revenues, independent of its contribution to global decarbonisation.</p><h3>Will Higher Chinese Prices Halt the Expansion?</h3><p>Policy changes introduced in 2025 altered the domestic incentive structure. Document 136, issued early that year, required new renewable projects connected from 1 June 2025 to participate in market-based pricing mechanisms rather than enjoy guaranteed offtake. Developers responded with a surge of installations in the first half of 2025, followed by a marked slowdown. Additional measures &#8211; reduction and subsequent removal of value-added-tax export rebates, new efficiency standards, and efforts to curb excess capacity &#8211; have exerted modest upward pressure on module prices from their absolute lows. Prices in mid-2026 hovered near 0.10 to 0.11 dollars per watt, higher than the deepest troughs but still historically low.</p><p>Chinese installations are expected to decline in 2026 relative to the 2025 peak, possibly marking the first annual contraction since 2019. Global additions may show a mild moderation. These adjustments, however, occur against a background of structural advantages that remain intact. Even at the firmer price levels, levelised costs of solar electricity remain competitive with fossil alternatives in a wide range of markets. The modular nature of the technology, zero marginal fuel cost, continued learning, rising electricity demand from electrification and data centres, energy-security considerations, and the rapid uptake of solar in the Global South all continue to support deployment. Storage costs are also falling, improving the value of solar output. China&#8217;s manufacturing base is consolidating rather than disappearing.</p><p>The principal constraints now lie less in module cost than in grid integration, curtailment in high-penetration regions, the availability of low-cost financing in emerging markets, and the political response to concentrated supply chains.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png" width="1456" height="937" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:937,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Solar PV Cost History: From $100/W to Historic Lows | Avenston&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Solar PV Cost History: From $100/W to Historic Lows | Avenston" title="Solar PV Cost History: From $100/W to Historic Lows | Avenston" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9pc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa178a92-d0ee-4c6a-830c-e9d5d2ce09f2_1563x1006.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://avenston.com/en/insights/pv-cost-history/">avenston.com</a></p><h3>Network Analysis of the Mid-2025 Pricing Reform</h3><p>The shift to market pricing under China Document 136 provides a clear case for network analysis of the global solar system. The industry can be represented as a multi-layer network.</p><p><strong>Manufacturing layer.</strong> Nodes consist of firms and production stages: polysilicon producers, wafer manufacturers, cell makers and module assemblers. Chinese firms dominate every stage and exhibit extremely high degree and betweenness centrality. Trade and supply edges among these nodes are dense; edges to non-Chinese production remain sparse.</p><p><strong>Project-development and financing layer.</strong> Nodes comprise Chinese provincial developers, local governments, state-owned and commercial banks, and downstream installers. Connections are dense and information-rich. Policy signals travel rapidly through this layer.</p><p><strong>Global installation and demand layer.</strong> Nodes include utilities, independent power producers, rooftop distributors and household buyers across export markets. Edges are primarily trade and price signals flowing outward from Chinese module exporters.</p><p>The June 2025 deadline acted as a common external shock applied to the project-development layer. Developers, anticipating the loss of more favourable offtake terms, accelerated project completion in a coordinated fashion. The resulting surge in demand for modules temporarily raised utilisation rates. Once the deadline passed, installation activity contracted sharply. Because the manufacturing layer is so highly centralised, changes in Chinese capacity utilisation and inventory immediately altered global module prices and delivery schedules. These price and volume signals then propagated through the global demand layer, affecting project economics in both utility-scale and distributed markets.</p><p>Network metrics of interest (for a deeper analysis) would include the betweenness centrality of Chinese module exporters (very high), the speed and amplitude of cascades under different edge-strength assumptions (long-term contracts dampen cascades relative to spot markets), and the limited resilience conferred by the near-absence of alternative manufacturing hubs of comparable scale. Multi-scale coupling is also visible: local distributed-energy-resource adoption networks in high-tariff markets such as Pakistan respond quickly to price movements originating in the Chinese manufacturing hub.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png" width="1456" height="3235" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3235,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:803151,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209800323?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qA5o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cbee88f-ec26-42e6-821c-c22f40323067_2820x6265.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The graph illustrates the extreme concentration of the manufacturing layer, the dense internal connections of the Chinese project layer, and the outward transmission of both volume and price shocks to global markets. The architecture that enabled the rapid cost decline also transmits policy adjustments with high fidelity and speed.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The passage of three terawatts of solar capacity marks a structural change in the global electricity system. The technology has proven capable of scaling simultaneously through centralised mega-projects and highly distributed installations. Chinese manufacturing, supported by industrial policy and amplified by learning and scale, supplied the cost reductions that made both paths viable. Recent policy adjustments inside China have moderated the pace of domestic installation and produced a limited firming of module prices, yet the underlying economics remain favourable across a wide range of markets. The principal challenges now concern the integration of large volumes of variable generation into existing grids, the design of electricity markets that value flexibility, and the management of a supply chain whose concentration creates both efficiency and vulnerability. The dual expansion of rooftops and desert farms continues, shaped by the same network of production and trade that carried the industry to its present scale.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>Bloomberg News. &#8220;The World Crossed a Major Solar Milestone. No One Noticed.&#8221; 3 August 2026. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-03/the-world-crossed-a-major-solar-milestone-no-one-noticed">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-03/the-world-crossed-a-major-solar-milestone-no-one-noticed</a></p></li><li><p>Ember. Global Electricity Review 2026 and related solar generation data. <a href="https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2026/">https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2026/</a></p></li><li><p>IEA. Global Energy Review 2026: Technology &#8211; Solar PV and Wind. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2026/technology-solar-pv-and-wind">https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2026/technology-solar-pv-and-wind</a></p></li><li><p>IEA-PVPS. Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2026. <a href="https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2026/">https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2026/</a></p></li><li><p>SolarPower Europe. Global Solar Market Outlook 2026-2030. <a href="https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-solar-market-outlook-2026-2030">https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-solar-market-outlook-2026-2030</a></p></li><li><p>OECD. Subsidies and the Solar Panel Industry (MAGIC database analysis). January 2026. <a href="https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2026/01/subsidies-and-the-solar-panel-industry_7bbfef7a/68481900-en.pdf">https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2026/01/subsidies-and-the-solar-panel-industry_7bbfef7a/68481900-en.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>pv magazine. Multiple reports on Chinese module prices, Document 136 effects and industry consolidation, 2025&#8211;2026. <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/</a></p></li><li><p>China Photovoltaic Industry Association (CPIA) data on 2025&#8211;2026 installations and production, as reported in:<br><a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/chinas-solar-market-heads-for-first-annual-contraction-since-2019/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/chinas-solar-market-heads-for-first-annual-contraction-since-2019/</a><br><a href="https://taiyangnews.info/markets/cpia-china-h1-2026-solar-pv-istallations-drop-66-percent-yoy">https://taiyangnews.info/markets/cpia-china-h1-2026-solar-pv-istallations-drop-66-percent-yoy</a><br><a href="https://www.opis.com/resources/energy-market-news-from-opis/chinas-june-solar-additions-up-but-demand-outlook-stays-weak/">https://www.opis.com/resources/energy-market-news-from-opis/chinas-june-solar-additions-up-but-demand-outlook-stays-weak/</a></p></li><li><p>Wood Mackenzie and InfoLink Consulting price and capacity assessments:<br>InfoLink PV spot prices: <a href="https://www.infolink-group.com/spot-price/">https://www.infolink-group.com/spot-price/</a><br>Wood Mackenzie reports referenced in industry coverage, e.g. <a href="https://renewablesnow.com/news/solar-module-prices-to-rise-9-percent-from-q4-2025-wood-mackenzie-1282667/">https://renewablesnow.com/news/solar-module-prices-to-rise-9-percent-from-q4-2025-wood-mackenzie-1282667/</a> and related US and global pricing analyses.</p></li><li><p>National Energy Administration of China / National Development and Reform Commission &#8211; Document 136 (&#21457;&#25913;&#20215;&#26684;&#12308;2025&#12309;136&#21495;):<br>Official notice: <a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202502/t20250209_1396067_ext.html">https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202502/t20250209_1396067_ext.html</a><br>English summary and analysis: <a href="https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=44303&amp;lib=law">https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=44303&amp;lib=law</a><br><a href="https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202502/content_7002957.htm">https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202502/content_7002957.htm</a></p></li><li><p>REN21. Renewables 2025 Global Status Report. <a href="https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025">https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025</a> and <a href="https://www.ren21.net/renewables-2025-global-status-report-global-overview/">https://www.ren21.net/renewables-2025-global-status-report-global-overview/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El silencioso alcance de los tres teravatios]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#243;mo la energ&#237;a solar se expandi&#243; a trav&#233;s de techos y granjas en el desierto, y por qu&#233; el repunte de precios en China no detendr&#225; el progreso]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/el-silencioso-alcance-de-los-tres</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/el-silencioso-alcance-de-los-tres</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 16:04:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 4-agosto-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:209332,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209800365?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYzJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1e52d1b-90da-4697-9018-d5bbe28c74ce_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En los primeros meses de 2026 el mundo super&#243; en silencio un umbral que alguna vez habr&#237;a parecido imposible. La capacidad fotovoltaica solar instalada acumulada alcanz&#243; aproximadamente tres teravatios. El hito atrajo poca atenci&#243;n p&#250;blica de acuerdo con <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-03/the-world-crossed-a-major-solar-milestone-no-one-noticed">Bloomberg</a>. Lleg&#243; despu&#233;s de una d&#233;cada en la que la energ&#237;a solar pas&#243; de ser una tecnolog&#237;a marginal a convertirse en una de las principales fuentes de nueva generaci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica. La velocidad del avance, el crecimiento simult&#225;neo de vastas instalaciones en el desierto y de millones de sistemas en techos residenciales, junto con el papel central de la manufactura china, constituyen en conjunto una de las transformaciones industriales m&#225;s relevantes del siglo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg" width="618" height="495" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:495,&quot;width&quot;:618,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Solar Capacity Exceeds 3 Terawatts | Nicolas Fulghum posted on the topic |  LinkedIn&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Solar Capacity Exceeds 3 Terawatts | Nicolas Fulghum posted on the topic |  LinkedIn" title="Solar Capacity Exceeds 3 Terawatts | Nicolas Fulghum posted on the topic |  LinkedIn" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ECuq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e1ae79f-f061-4cfa-b15f-82e2dcd6aec1_618x495.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/nicolas-fulghum_solars-sharp-rise-continues-as-of-april-activity-7481022752766869504-iAEm">linkedin.com</a></p><h3>La escala y la aceleraci&#243;n que pasaron pr&#225;cticamente desapercibidas</h3><p>Despu&#233;s de que el mundo super&#243; los 100 gigavatios de capacidad solar en 2012, se necesitaron aproximadamente diez a&#241;os para alcanzar el primer teravatio. El segundo teravatio lleg&#243; en menos de tres a&#241;os. El tercero lo sigui&#243; en menos de dos a&#241;os. A finales de 2025 la capacidad acumulada global se situaba cerca de 2.9 teravatios, y las cifras de inicios de 2026 colocaban el total en o ligeramente por encima de los tres teravatios.</p><p>Las adiciones anuales en 2025 oscilaron entre 600 y 700 gigavatios seg&#250;n distintas organizaciones de seguimiento. China represent&#243; entre el 55 y el 60 por ciento de esas adiciones, instalando entre 350 y 380 gigavatios en un solo a&#241;o. La generaci&#243;n solar aument&#243; en m&#225;s de 600 teravatios-hora en 2025, cubriendo una parte sustancial del crecimiento de la demanda el&#233;ctrica mundial y, en combinaci&#243;n con la e&#243;lica, ayudando a frenar el aumento de la generaci&#243;n f&#243;sil en varios mercados importantes.</p><p>La evidencia visual de esta expansi&#243;n ya es cotidiana. Los paneles cubren techos industriales en Europa, techos residenciales en ciudades del sur de Asia y extensiones de desierto en el oeste de China medidas en decenas de kil&#243;metros cuadrados. Las proyecciones de las principales casas de investigaci&#243;n anticipan una capacidad acumulada de seis a siete teravatios para 2030 y cifras a&#250;n mayores despu&#233;s, siempre que se puedan gestionar las limitaciones de red y de almacenamiento.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png" width="754" height="560" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:560,&quot;width&quot;:754,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Global cumulative installed solar PV capacity 2024| Statista&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Global cumulative installed solar PV capacity 2024| Statista" title="Global cumulative installed solar PV capacity 2024| Statista" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EVl-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa895e245-7904-47c7-8ef3-a22251419269_754x560.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/280220/global-cumulative-installed-solar-pv-capacity/?srsltid=AfmBOoq87_cqq4okgR-S0E3vp95ZgVs-nxCF8j61jT-JCoHXPG-MqQJj">statista.com</a></p><h3>Sistemas distribuidos y proyectos de escala utilitaria como caminos complementarios</h3><p>Las instalaciones de escala utilitaria contin&#250;an aportando la mayor parte de la nueva capacidad en t&#233;rminos absolutos. Los complejos en desiertos y mesetas altas de China, algunos de varios gigavatios cada uno y conectados por l&#237;neas de transmisi&#243;n de ultra alto voltaje a los centros de demanda costeros, dominan las estad&#237;sticas globales. Grandes plantas en India, Estados Unidos y partes de Oriente Medio siguen patrones similares. Los proyectos h&#237;bridos que combinan solar con almacenamiento en bater&#237;as son cada vez m&#225;s frecuentes y mejoran el valor econ&#243;mico de la generaci&#243;n intermitente.</p><p>Al mismo tiempo, la energ&#237;a solar distribuida se ha expandido por razones distintas. En Pakist&#225;n, Nigeria, Filipinas y varios mercados de Am&#233;rica Latina y Oriente Medio, hogares y peque&#241;os negocios han instalado sistemas en techos en respuesta a tarifas el&#233;ctricas elevadas y a un suministro de red poco confiable. En Europa y partes de Estados Unidos la misma tecnolog&#237;a se ha adoptado para reducir facturas y ganar independencia energ&#233;tica. Dentro de China, los techos rurales y comerciales-industriales han aportado una parte significativa de las instalaciones dom&#233;sticas, a menudo cercana al 40 por ciento en a&#241;os recientes.</p><p>El car&#225;cter modular de la tecnolog&#237;a permite que opere en todas las escalas, desde unos pocos cientos de vatios hasta plantas de varios gigavatios. Las dos formas de despliegue se refuerzan mutuamente. Los recursos distribuidos agregados forman plantas virtuales de energ&#237;a que aportan flexibilidad a redes que ya alojan grandes granjas solares. El almacenamiento en bater&#237;as mejora la econom&#237;a de ambas. La ca&#237;da de costos que hizo viables los megaproyectos en el desierto tambi&#233;n hizo asequible un solo panel para un hogar en Lahore o Lagos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg" width="1200" height="727" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:727,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;China Covered a Massive Desert with Solar Panels for Clean Energy, but the  Land Began to Evolve&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="China Covered a Massive Desert with Solar Panels for Clean Energy, but the  Land Began to Evolve" title="China Covered a Massive Desert with Solar Panels for Clean Energy, but the  Land Began to Evolve" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RlHi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7342f22-28eb-4f13-833a-a8bce902e65c_1200x727.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://dailygalaxy.com/2026/03/china-desert-solar-farm-changing-ecosystem-beneath-panels/">dailygalaxy.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Pakistan's Solar Revolution Is Bringing Power to the People - Yale E360&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Pakistan's Solar Revolution Is Bringing Power to the People - Yale E360" title="Pakistan's Solar Revolution Is Bringing Power to the People - Yale E360" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j9MA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F970d5122-90df-4f56-ab00-c7be3d5e87f9_1500x844.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/pakistan-solar-boom">e360.yale.edu</a></p><h3>El dominio manufacturero de China, la sobrecapacidad y el colapso de precios</h3><p>China representa actualmente entre el 80 y el 90 por ciento o m&#225;s de la capacidad de producci&#243;n global a lo largo de toda la cadena de valor solar: polisilicio, obleas, celdas y m&#243;dulos. Oleadas sucesivas de pol&#237;tica industrial, intensa competencia entre gobiernos locales por atraer inversi&#243;n, un r&#225;pido despliegue dom&#233;stico que cre&#243; un gran mercado interno y una agresiva expansi&#243;n de capacidad del sector privado produjeron una capacidad manufacturera que sistem&#225;ticamente super&#243; incluso el r&#225;pido crecimiento de la demanda global. A mediados de la d&#233;cada de 2020 la capacidad anual de fabricaci&#243;n de m&#243;dulos superaba el teravatio, mientras que las instalaciones globales se manten&#237;an claramente por debajo de esa cifra.</p><p>El exceso de oferta resultante empuj&#243; los precios de los m&#243;dulos a niveles cercanos a 0.10 d&#243;lares estadounidenses por vatio y, en ocasiones, por debajo de los costos de caja de muchos productores. La ca&#237;da de precios desbloque&#243; el despliegue en mercados que de otro modo habr&#237;an permanecido antiecon&#243;micos. Dentro de China las consecuencias incluyeron p&#233;rdidas sostenidas para muchos fabricantes, racionalizaci&#243;n de capacidad, reducciones de personal y preocupaci&#243;n oficial por la &#8220;involuci&#243;n&#8221;: un ciclo de competencia feroz que dejaba poco excedente para reinversi&#243;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg" width="1001" height="563" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:563,&quot;width&quot;:1001,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chinese polysilicon producers see improved profits, module makers still  struggling - PV Tech&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chinese polysilicon producers see improved profits, module makers still  struggling - PV Tech" title="Chinese polysilicon producers see improved profits, module makers still  struggling - PV Tech" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7U6Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2af9f56b-2cdb-4df2-bdce-0c7304b09ce5_1001x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.pv-tech.org/chinese-polysilicon-producers-see-improved-profits-module-makers-still-struggling/">pv-tech.org</a></p><h3>Los subsidios como catalizador junto con el aprendizaje, la innovaci&#243;n y la escala</h3><p>El apoyo p&#250;blico desempe&#241;&#243; un papel catal&#237;tico. La base de datos MAGIC de la OCDE sobre subsidios industriales registra un apoyo total a la producci&#243;n de celdas y m&#243;dulos solares de aproximadamente 21,000 millones de d&#243;lares entre 2010 y 2024, de los cuales las empresas chinas recibieron cerca de 17,400 millones, alrededor del 81 por ciento del total. La manufactura solar figur&#243; como el sector m&#225;s subsidiado entre las quince industrias cubiertas por la base de datos.</p><p>Sin embargo, los subsidios por s&#237; solos no explican la reducci&#243;n sostenida de costos. Los efectos de aprendizaje por la pr&#225;ctica, consistentes con la ley de Wright, las mejoras continuas en la arquitectura de celdas (desde PERC hasta TOPCon y m&#225;s all&#225;), la integraci&#243;n vertical de las empresas l&#237;deres y la mera escala de la demanda dom&#233;stica que proporcion&#243; un entorno protegido para la innovaci&#243;n de procesos contribuyeron de manera decisiva. Las medidas del lado de la demanda, incluidos los antiguos esquemas de tarifas de alimentaci&#243;n dentro de China, fueron igualmente importantes para crear el volumen que impuls&#243; el aprendizaje. Los an&#225;lisis que intentan descomponer la ca&#237;da de costos a largo plazo suelen atribuir aproximadamente la mitad al apoyo de pol&#237;tica a la escala y el resto al progreso tecnol&#243;gico y organizativo. La inversi&#243;n de pol&#237;tica industrial ha generado importantes ganancias de bienestar dom&#233;stico a trav&#233;s de menores costos energ&#233;ticos e ingresos por exportaci&#243;n, independientemente de su contribuci&#243;n a la descarbonizaci&#243;n global.</p><h3>&#191;Detendr&#225; el repunte de precios chinos la expansi&#243;n?</h3><p>Los cambios de pol&#237;tica introducidos en 2025 alteraron la estructura de incentivos dom&#233;sticos. El Documento 136, emitido a principios de ese a&#241;o, exigi&#243; que los nuevos proyectos renovables conectados a partir del 1 de junio de 2025 participaran en mecanismos de precios de mercado en lugar de disfrutar de una offtake garantizada. Los desarrolladores respondieron con un auge de instalaciones en el primer semestre de 2025, seguido de una marcada desaceleraci&#243;n. Medidas adicionales (reducci&#243;n y posterior eliminaci&#243;n de las devoluciones del impuesto al valor agregado a las exportaciones, nuevos est&#225;ndares de eficiencia y esfuerzos por frenar el exceso de capacidad) han ejercido una presi&#243;n moderada al alza sobre los precios de los m&#243;dulos desde sus m&#237;nimos absolutos. Los precios a mediados de 2026 se situaban cerca de 0.10 a 0.11 d&#243;lares por vatio, m&#225;s altos que los valles m&#225;s profundos pero todav&#237;a hist&#243;ricamente bajos.</p><p>Se espera que las instalaciones chinas disminuyan en 2026 respecto al pico de 2025, posiblemente marcando la primera contracci&#243;n anual desde 2019. Las adiciones globales podr&#237;an mostrar una moderaci&#243;n leve. Estos ajustes, sin embargo, ocurren sobre un trasfondo de ventajas estructurales que permanecen intactas. Incluso en los niveles de precios m&#225;s firmes, los costos nivelados de la electricidad solar siguen siendo competitivos frente a las alternativas f&#243;siles en un amplio rango de mercados. El car&#225;cter modular de la tecnolog&#237;a, el costo marginal de combustible nulo, el aprendizaje continuo, el aumento de la demanda el&#233;ctrica por electrificaci&#243;n y centros de datos, las consideraciones de seguridad energ&#233;tica y la r&#225;pida adopci&#243;n de solar en el Sur Global contin&#250;an apoyando el despliegue. Los costos de almacenamiento tambi&#233;n est&#225;n bajando, mejorando el valor de la generaci&#243;n solar. La base manufacturera china se est&#225; consolidando en lugar de desaparecer.</p><p>Las principales limitaciones ahora residen menos en el costo de los m&#243;dulos que en la integraci&#243;n a la red, el curtailment en regiones de alta penetraci&#243;n, la disponibilidad de financiamiento de bajo costo en mercados emergentes y la respuesta pol&#237;tica a las cadenas de suministro concentradas.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png" width="1456" height="937" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:937,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Solar PV Cost History: From $100/W to Historic Lows | Avenston&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Solar PV Cost History: From $100/W to Historic Lows | Avenston" title="Solar PV Cost History: From $100/W to Historic Lows | Avenston" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oRSj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19ee74f6-be67-4e32-85e9-eb359b989d18_1563x1006.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://avenston.com/en/insights/pv-cost-history/">avenston.com</a></p><h3>An&#225;lisis de red de la reforma de precios de mediados de 2025</h3><p>El paso a precios de mercado bajo el Documento 136 de China ofrece un caso claro para el an&#225;lisis de redes del sistema solar global. La industria puede representarse como una red multicapa.</p><p><strong>Capa de manufactura.</strong> Los nodos consisten en empresas y etapas de producci&#243;n: productores de polisilicio, fabricantes de obleas, productores de celdas y ensambladores de m&#243;dulos. Las empresas chinas dominan cada etapa y exhiben una centralidad de grado y de intermediaci&#243;n extremadamente alta. Las aristas de comercio y suministro entre estos nodos son densas; las aristas hacia producci&#243;n no china permanecen escasas.</p><p><strong>Capa de desarrollo de proyectos y financiamiento.</strong> Los nodos comprenden desarrolladores provinciales chinos, gobiernos locales, bancos estatales y comerciales, e instaladores aguas abajo. Las conexiones son densas y ricas en informaci&#243;n. Las se&#241;ales de pol&#237;tica viajan r&#225;pidamente a trav&#233;s de esta capa.</p><p><strong>Capa global de instalaci&#243;n y demanda.</strong> Los nodos incluyen utilidades, productores independientes de energ&#237;a, distribuidores de sistemas en techos y compradores residenciales en los mercados de exportaci&#243;n. Las aristas son principalmente se&#241;ales de comercio y de precios que fluyen hacia afuera desde los exportadores chinos de m&#243;dulos.</p><p>El plazo del 1 de junio de 2025 actu&#243; como un choque externo com&#250;n aplicado a la capa de desarrollo de proyectos. Los desarrolladores, anticipando la p&#233;rdida de condiciones de offtake m&#225;s favorables, aceleraron la finalizaci&#243;n de proyectos de manera coordinada. El auge resultante en la demanda de m&#243;dulos elev&#243; temporalmente las tasas de utilizaci&#243;n. Una vez pasado el plazo, la actividad de instalaci&#243;n se contrajo de forma pronunciada. Debido a que la capa de manufactura est&#225; tan altamente centralizada, los cambios en la utilizaci&#243;n de capacidad y en los inventarios chinos alteraron de inmediato los precios globales de m&#243;dulos y los plazos de entrega. Estas se&#241;ales de precio y volumen se propagaron luego a trav&#233;s de la capa de demanda global, afectando la econom&#237;a de los proyectos tanto en el segmento de escala utilitaria como en el distribuido.</p><p>Las m&#233;tricas de red de inter&#233;s (para un an&#225;lisis m&#225;s all&#225; del alcance de este art&#237;culo) incluyen la centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n de los exportadores chinos de m&#243;dulos (muy alta), la velocidad y amplitud de las cascadas bajo distintos supuestos de fuerza de las aristas (los contratos de largo plazo amortiguan las cascadas en relaci&#243;n con los mercados spot) y la limitada resiliencia que confiere la casi ausencia de hubs manufactureros alternativos de escala comparable. Tambi&#233;n es visible el acoplamiento multiescala: las redes locales de adopci&#243;n de recursos energ&#233;ticos distribuidos en mercados de tarifas elevadas como Pakist&#225;n responden con rapidez a los movimientos de precios originados en el hub manufacturero chino.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png" width="1456" height="3066" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3066,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:917746,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209800365?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiKo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F992a30eb-73fe-4e96-9fd2-b29e7db152f0_3075x6475.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El gr&#225;fico ilustra la extrema concentraci&#243;n de la capa de manufactura, las densas conexiones internas de la capa de proyectos china y la transmisi&#243;n hacia afuera tanto de los choques de volumen como de precios hacia los mercados globales. La arquitectura que posibilit&#243; la r&#225;pida ca&#237;da de costos tambi&#233;n transmite los ajustes de pol&#237;tica con alta fidelidad y velocidad.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n</h3><p>El paso de los tres teravatios de capacidad solar marca un cambio estructural en el sistema el&#233;ctrico global. La tecnolog&#237;a ha demostrado ser capaz de escalar simult&#225;neamente a trav&#233;s de megaproyectos centralizados y de instalaciones altamente distribuidas. La manufactura china, apoyada por pol&#237;tica industrial y amplificada por el aprendizaje y la escala, suministr&#243; las reducciones de costos que hicieron viables ambos caminos. Los ajustes recientes de pol&#237;tica dentro de China han moderado el ritmo de las instalaciones dom&#233;sticas y producido un endurecimiento limitado de los precios de los m&#243;dulos, pero la econom&#237;a subyacente sigue siendo favorable en un amplio rango de mercados. Los principales desaf&#237;os ahora concernen a la integraci&#243;n de grandes vol&#250;menes de generaci&#243;n variable en las redes existentes, al dise&#241;o de mercados el&#233;ctricos que valoren la flexibilidad y a la gesti&#243;n de una cadena de suministro cuya concentraci&#243;n crea tanto eficiencia como vulnerabilidad. La expansi&#243;n dual de techos y granjas en el desierto contin&#250;a, moldeada por la misma red de producci&#243;n y comercio que llev&#243; a la industria a su escala actual.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>Bloomberg News. &#8220;The World Crossed a Major Solar Milestone. No One Noticed.&#8221; 3 de agosto de 2026. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-03/the-world-crossed-a-major-solar-milestone-no-one-noticed">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-03/the-world-crossed-a-major-solar-milestone-no-one-noticed</a></p></li><li><p>Ember. Global Electricity Review 2026 y datos relacionados de generaci&#243;n solar. <a href="https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2026/">https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2026/</a></p></li><li><p>IEA. Global Energy Review 2026: Technology &#8211; Solar PV and Wind. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2026/technology-solar-pv-and-wind">https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2026/technology-solar-pv-and-wind</a></p></li><li><p>IEA-PVPS. Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2026. <a href="https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2026/">https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2026/</a></p></li><li><p>SolarPower Europe. Global Solar Market Outlook 2026-2030. <a href="https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-solar-market-outlook-2026-2030">https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-solar-market-outlook-2026-2030</a></p></li><li><p>OECD. Subsidies and the Solar Panel Industry (an&#225;lisis de la base de datos MAGIC). Enero de 2026. <a href="https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2026/01/subsidies-and-the-solar-panel-industry_7bbfef7a/68481900-en.pdf">https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2026/01/subsidies-and-the-solar-panel-industry_7bbfef7a/68481900-en.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>pv magazine. M&#250;ltiples reportes sobre precios de m&#243;dulos chinos, efectos del Documento 136 y consolidaci&#243;n de la industria, 2025&#8211;2026. <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/</a></p></li><li><p>China Photovoltaic Industry Association (CPIA) datos sobre instalaciones y producci&#243;n 2025&#8211;2026, reportados en:<br><a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/chinas-solar-market-heads-for-first-annual-contraction-since-2019/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/chinas-solar-market-heads-for-first-annual-contraction-since-2019/</a><br><a href="https://taiyangnews.info/markets/cpia-china-h1-2026-solar-pv-istallations-drop-66-percent-yoy">https://taiyangnews.info/markets/cpia-china-h1-2026-solar-pv-istallations-drop-66-percent-yoy</a><br><a href="https://www.opis.com/resources/energy-market-news-from-opis/chinas-june-solar-additions-up-but-demand-outlook-stays-weak/">https://www.opis.com/resources/energy-market-news-from-opis/chinas-june-solar-additions-up-but-demand-outlook-stays-weak/</a></p></li><li><p>Wood Mackenzie e InfoLink Consulting evaluaciones de precios y capacidad:<br>Precios spot de InfoLink: <a href="https://www.infolink-group.com/spot-price/">https://www.infolink-group.com/spot-price/</a><br>Reportes de Wood Mackenzie referidos en la cobertura de la industria, por ejemplo <a href="https://renewablesnow.com/news/solar-module-prices-to-rise-9-percent-from-q4-2025-wood-mackenzie-1282667/">https://renewablesnow.com/news/solar-module-prices-to-rise-9-percent-from-q4-2025-wood-mackenzie-1282667/</a> y an&#225;lisis relacionados de precios en EE.UU. y a nivel global.</p></li><li><p>Administraci&#243;n Nacional de Energ&#237;a de China / Comisi&#243;n Nacional de Desarrollo y Reforma &#8211; Documento 136 (&#21457;&#25913;&#20215;&#26684;&#12308;2025&#12309;136&#21495;):<br>Aviso oficial: <a href="https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202502/t20250209_1396067_ext.html">https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202502/t20250209_1396067_ext.html</a><br>Resumen y an&#225;lisis en ingl&#233;s: <a href="https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=44303&amp;lib=law">https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=44303&amp;lib=law</a><br><a href="https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202502/content_7002957.htm">https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202502/content_7002957.htm</a></p></li><li><p>REN21. Renewables 2025 Global Status Report. <a href="https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025">https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025</a> y <a href="https://www.ren21.net/renewables-2025-global-status-report-global-overview/">https://www.ren21.net/renewables-2025-global-status-report-global-overview/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[China’s Immersion DUV Production]]></title><description><![CDATA[Challenge to ASML?]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/chinas-immersion-duv-production</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/chinas-immersion-duv-production</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 17:56:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 3-august-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:103418,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209662258?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7j6u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac121eb7-742d-409d-bb10-1f910c82aebe_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In late July 2026 reports confirmed that a Chinese state-backed organisation had begun limited manufacturing of immersion deep ultraviolet lithography machines. The development was covered extensively in both Western and Chinese media as a step in China&#8217;s efforts to expand domestic semiconductor equipment capabilities.</p><p>Chinese programmes for lithography tool development had been under way for years through successive investment funds and engineering consolidation. The production start by Shanghai Aishengna Electronic Technology Group, drawing on teams from earlier projects, provided a concrete data point on progress in immersion DUV systems specifically, which differs in many degrees from the ASML&#8217;s EUV machines. The episode invites a balanced examination of the technical performance achieved, the scale of output relative to established producers, and the remaining differences with ASML&#8217;s equipment and ecosystem.</p><h3><strong>Distinguishing DUV from EUV</strong></h3><p>Lithography remains the most capital-intensive and precision-critical step in semiconductor manufacturing. The choice of wavelength governs the smallest features that can be printed reliably and economically.</p><p>Deep ultraviolet systems using argon-fluoride lasers operate at 193 nanometres. Immersion versions place a thin layer of purified water between the final lens and the wafer, increasing the effective numerical aperture and improving resolution. Modern immersion tools can print features around 38 nanometres in a single exposure. With successive rounds of self-aligned double or quadruple patterning, the same wavelength can support denser patterns down into the low-teens of nanometres, albeit at the cost of additional masks, more process steps, tighter overlay control and lower overall yield. These machines handle the majority of layers even on advanced process nodes and dominate production of mature and mid-range chips used in automotive, industrial, power management and many consumer applications.</p><p>Extreme ultraviolet systems operate at 13.5 nanometres. The shorter wavelength allows denser single-exposure patterning, reducing the need for multi-patterning on critical layers. Generating usable EUV light, however, requires a laser-produced plasma source that fires tens of thousands of tin droplets per second and converts a high-power carbon-dioxide laser into soft X-ray radiation. Only a few percent of the input energy reaches the wafer; one analysis notes an input of roughly 1 megawatt yielding about 25 watts of usable light on the chip. The reflective optics must be multilayer mirrors polished to atomic-scale figure and mid-spatial-frequency roughness; any defect or contamination scatters the light. Commercial high-volume EUV therefore demands continuous source power of several hundred watts, extreme vacuum cleanliness, specialised resists and sophisticated metrology. These requirements explain why only one company has brought EUV to high-volume manufacturing.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg" width="1456" height="1049" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1049,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A nano-scale sketch on a millimeter-scale wafer Part 2 | Samsung  Semiconductor Global&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A nano-scale sketch on a millimeter-scale wafer Part 2 | Samsung  Semiconductor Global" title="A nano-scale sketch on a millimeter-scale wafer Part 2 | Samsung  Semiconductor Global" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JbFy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45a40326-2c2b-437f-9ea4-4d2a2a1589be_1600x1153.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://semiconductor.samsung.com/news-events/tech-blog/a-nano-scale-sketch-on-a-millimeter-scale-wafer-part-2/">semiconductor.samsung.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg" width="1000" height="598" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:598,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;EUV lithography and technology | ZEISS SMT&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="EUV lithography and technology | ZEISS SMT" title="EUV lithography and technology | ZEISS SMT" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hNjc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf64214e-42e8-4fb6-b036-3edee17b34cc_1000x598.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/euv-lithography.html">zeiss.com</a></p><p>The distinction matters because many high-volume products continue to rely heavily on DUV layers. Progress on domestic immersion tools therefore improves self-sufficiency for a large portion of China&#8217;s chip output even while the path to commercial EUV remains longer.</p><h3><strong>The July 2026 Milestone and Its Measured Scale</strong></h3><p>According to reporting by The Information and subsequent confirmation by Reuters, Shanghai Aishengna Electronic Technology Group began manufacturing immersion DUV systems in mid-2026. The company, established in August 2023 with registered capital of approximately 7 billion yuan and majority state ownership through Shanghai Electric Holding and a Shanghai International Trust subsidiary, incorporated engineering teams previously associated with Shanghai Yuliangsheng Technology and Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment. Production targets stand at roughly five systems in 2026 and around twenty in 2027. Initial deliveries are scheduled for Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, Hua Hong Semiconductor and ChangXin Memory Technologies.</p><p>Most components are now sourced domestically, although some critical parts continue to arrive from Japan. Independent assessments place the performance of the new machines roughly four generations behind current ASML immersion tools, closer to the capability of systems such as the TWINSCAN NXT:1950i introduced around 2008. Single-exposure resolution is characterised as 28-nanometre class; multi-patterning can extend the process further at the usual penalties of cost and yield. Reliability, throughput and long-term uptime still require further validation before high-volume qualification. Chinese expert Zhou Mi of the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation described any partial domestic replacement as &#8220;a step from 0 to 1 in breaking external blockades,&#8221; while acknowledging the remaining gaps.</p><p>By comparison, ASML has indicated capacity for approximately 130 immersion DUV systems in 2026, with a planned increase of around 30 percent the following year. The Chinese output therefore represents a modest fraction of global immersion capacity and is directed primarily at captive domestic use rather than open-market competition.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp" width="800" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;ASML sees export controls on latest DUV lithography equipment ...&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="ASML sees export controls on latest DUV lithography equipment ..." title="ASML sees export controls on latest DUV lithography equipment ..." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9hjZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb4f1d3-9251-4df3-b5c6-c7de0a01b9ad_800x600.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/asml-sees-export-controls-on-latest-duv-lithography-equipment/">eenewseurope.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;EXCLUSIVE: China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking  tools, source says | Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="EXCLUSIVE: China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking  tools, source says | Reuters" title="EXCLUSIVE: China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking  tools, source says | Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lodX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58d5936a-0b14-4ba4-8553-b74121c25d22_1920x1280.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-starts-production-home-grown-immersion-duv-chipmaking-tools-source-2026-07-28/">reuters.com</a></p><h3><strong>Policy Context and Historical Background</strong></h3><p>The acceleration of Chinese lithography programmes followed the expansion of export controls that began in 2022. Extreme ultraviolet systems were barred entirely from Chinese customers. Licensing requirements for advanced immersion tools tightened in subsequent years, and parallel measures in the Netherlands and Japan further limited access to key subsystems. Chinese policy documents had already identified lithography as a strategic gap. The National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund and related provincial vehicles channelled capital into SMEE, Yuliangsheng and later the consolidated Aishengna structure. Recruitment of engineers with experience at ASML and other Western firms supplied both explicit design knowledge and tacit process expertise.</p><p>Earlier Chinese efforts, notably those of SMEE, had produced dry and limited immersion systems but struggled to reach commercial reliability at advanced nodes. Parallel work on extreme ultraviolet prototypes continued in high-security laboratories. Reuters reported in December 2025 that a Shenzhen-based team had assembled a prototype capable of generating EUV light, drawing on a mixture of reverse-engineered, second-hand and domestic components. Source power estimates range from 100 to 150 watts, well below the several hundred watts delivered by commercial ASML sources. No working commercial chips have been reported from these prototypes. Optimistic internal targets speak of 2028; external analyses more commonly place high-volume readiness in the 2030s.</p><p>Historical precedents offer useful context. Nikon and Canon developed strong optics and laser capabilities yet ultimately withdrew from leading-edge competition. System-level integration, continuous customer co-development and the density of the supporting supplier network proved decisive. ASML&#8217;s early model of shared risk with Intel, Samsung and TSMC helped de-risk the multi-decade EUV investment, with those customers providing roughly 5.4 billion dollars in combined support around 2012.</p><h3><strong>ASML&#8217;s Structural Position, Ecosystem and Active Roadmap</strong></h3><p>ASML functions primarily as a system integrator rather than a vertically integrated manufacturer. Only a minority of the roughly 100,000 components in a modern scanner are produced in-house (estimates place the in-house share near 15 percent). The company coordinates a network of approximately 5,000 suppliers spread across more than sixty countries. Two relationships stand out for their strategic weight. Carl Zeiss SMT supplies the multilayer mirrors and projection optics polished to atomic precision; ASML holds a significant equity stake and maintains an exclusive long-term partnership. TRUMPF provides the high-power carbon-dioxide lasers that drive the EUV plasma source. These nodes possess process knowledge and capital intensity that are difficult to replicate at short notice.</p><p>Customer co-investment accelerated the commercialisation of EUV. Intel, Samsung and TSMC contributed both capital and early process learning. In July 2026 ASML announced that Intel Foundry had entered high-volume manufacturing of selected layers of its 18A process, shipping product based on High-NA EUV systems. Low-NA EUV capacity continues to expand to meet demand for artificial-intelligence accelerators. Productivity improvements, higher source power and greater system availability remain active development programmes. China already accounted for a constrained share of ASML revenue under existing licensing regimes; non-Chinese demand, particularly for advanced logic and memory, has remained robust.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png" width="1000" height="562" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:562,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;With ASML's New EXE Generation, High-NA EUVL is Ready for Practical Use&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="With ASML's New EXE Generation, High-NA EUVL is Ready for Practical Use" title="With ASML's New EXE Generation, High-NA EUVL is Ready for Practical Use" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nMdC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4e06e3c-5662-41b8-bb30-538d6b646e55_1000x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.all-about-industries.com/with-asmls-new-exe-generation-high-na-euvl-is-ready-for-practical-use-a-8d4ad644e4ca5fb361ddd3cee45131d0/">all-about-industries.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg" width="950" height="534" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:534,&quot;width&quot;:950,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;High-NA-EUV Lithography: the next EUV generation | ZEISS SMT&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="High-NA-EUV Lithography: the next EUV generation | ZEISS SMT" title="High-NA-EUV Lithography: the next EUV generation | ZEISS SMT" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bic9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58682335-b00f-4e8d-8e76-a1dbceaf6d44_950x534.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/high-na-euv-lithography.html">zeiss.com</a></p><h3><strong>China&#8217;s Broader Strategy, Multi-Patterning Workarounds and Parallel EUV Efforts</strong></h3><p>Domestic immersion tools strengthen China&#8217;s position in the high-volume production of mature and mid-range nodes. These nodes still constitute the bulk of unit volume and serve strategic sectors such as automotive electronics, industrial controls and power devices. Intensive multi-patterning allows existing DUV equipment, including the new domestic machines, to support denser geometries. The trade-offs are well documented: additional mask levels increase process cost, reduce yield and extend cycle time. Chinese foundries have demonstrated the ability to produce competitive products at 7-nanometre-class densities through such techniques, albeit at higher cost and lower efficiency than single-exposure EUV routes.</p><p>Extreme ultraviolet development continues in parallel. Prototypes generate light but have not yet delivered working commercial chips. Gaps remain in source power, optics quality, resist chemistry, contamination control and overall system integration. Independent forecasts place commercial high-volume capability later than the most optimistic Chinese roadmaps, often in the mid-to-late 2030s if iterative learning continues at the current pace. Chinese commentary, including from Xiang Ligang of the Zhongguancun alliance, frames the DUV step as evidence of long-term capability that cannot be extinguished by external pressure.</p><h3><strong>Media Framing, Market Reaction and a Balanced Assessment</strong></h3><p>Initial coverage frequently collapsed the DUV advance into a broader narrative of challenge to ASML&#8217;s monopoly. Distinctions between immersion tools suitable for mature and mid-range production and the far more demanding EUV systems required for leading-edge efficiency were often blurred. The temporary share-price reaction reflected investor sensitivity to any signal of technological catch-up rather than an immediate change in order books or technology leadership. The Financial Times headline &#8220;ASML&#8217;s hold over the future of chipmaking is weakening&#8221; captured one strand of Western framing, while Global Times editorials described the same market reaction as evidence of Western anxiety over the erosion of leverage.</p><p>South China Morning Post reporting quoted analysts arguing that home-grown DUV machines do not constitute the greatest near-term threat to ASML&#8217;s position, given the scale, reliability and EUV exclusivity that remain with the Dutch firm. A measured view recognises two simultaneous realities. The production of functional domestic immersion systems under severe external constraints constitutes genuine progress in self-reliance. At the same time, the quantitative gaps in volume, reliability, throughput and leading-edge performance remain substantial. ASML continues to advance High-NA technology and expand capacity for non-Chinese customers. The Chinese machines address a defined domestic need; they do not yet constitute a commercial substitute for ASML&#8217;s global product range or its installed-base service advantages.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg" width="800" height="420" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:420,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography  machines&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography  machines" title="China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography  machines" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P5tx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1aa1b32-e9af-4547-a922-d449751eb2c1_800x420.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://cryptobriefing.com/china-homegrown-duv-lithography-production/">cryptobriefing.com</a></p><p>China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography machines</p><h3><strong>Network Analysis of Supply-Chain Adaptation</strong></h3><p>The July 2026 production start offers a concrete instance of network adaptation after exogenous disruption. The global lithography equipment ecosystem can be modelled as a hierarchical complex network. ASML occupies the position of primary system-integrator hub with extreme betweenness centrality. Carl Zeiss SMT and TRUMPF constitute high-centrality bottleneck nodes whose specialised process knowledge creates structural chokepoints. Thousands of lower-tier suppliers form a dense periphery distributed across dozens of countries, linked by decades of co-development.</p><p>Export controls from 2022 onward functioned as large-scale edge removal or attenuation between Chinese entities and the high-centrality Western and Japanese nodes. In response, Chinese state direction produced two observable processes. First, previously fragmented domestic teams were consolidated into Aishengna, domestic supplier relationships were thickened, and residual Japanese component links were retained where full localisation remained incomplete. This raised modularity between the original global network and a partially closed Chinese DUV subgraph. Second, mobile talent nodes&#8212;engineers with prior experience at ASML and related firms&#8212;created new knowledge-diffusion edges carrying both explicit designs and tacit know-how into the Chinese cluster.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png" width="1456" height="1524" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k0H-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c678bb7-14e5-4c65-90c0-90b50d418e68_6818x7137.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The graph illustrates why immersion DUV localisation proved more tractable than true EUV equivalence. The highest-centrality optics and source nodes remain difficult to substitute. The original network has demonstrated resilience: it continues to serve non-Chinese demand and to field High-NA systems. The Chinese subgraph shows adaptive capacity through densification and talent inflows, yet it remains limited in volume, still partially dependent on residual foreign components, and unproven at sustained high-volume reliability. Information effects appeared in the rapid but temporary equity-price reaction, an overlay financial network responding to the structural news.</p><h3><strong>Broader Implications and Open Questions</strong></h3><p>Domestic immersion capacity reduces vulnerability for mature-node production and supports China&#8217;s stated goal of leadership in high-volume classic chips. Global equipment costs and availability may experience modest second-order effects if dual supply chains become more entrenched. Japanese component suppliers face continued dual-use scrutiny. Talent flows and reverse-engineering pathways will remain active. Whether sustained state-directed investment and iterative learning can eventually close the more extreme EUV gaps depends on the persistence of current network topology, the rate of domestic process learning, and any future changes in export-control regimes. Alternative patterning techniques or advanced packaging approaches may also alter the relative value of matching every node of the ASML roadmap. Chinese official commentary continues to stress that technological progress contributes to global supply-chain stability, while Western analyses focus on the enduring integration advantages of the ASML-centric network.</p><h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3><p>The initiation of limited domestic immersion DUV production in 2026 constitutes a measurable advance in Chinese semiconductor equipment capability under external constraint. It improves self-reliance for a substantial portion of chip manufacturing while leaving the structural advantages of ASML (system integration experience, exclusive high-centrality supplier relationships, installed-base density and ongoing High-NA progress) largely intact. The episode demonstrates both the adaptive potential of a determined industrial system and the enduring constraints imposed by the topology of a highly specialised global technology network. Further progress will be visible in reliability data, production volumes and the eventual performance of any commercial EUV systems that emerge from the parallel prototype programmes.</p><h3><strong>Sources</strong></h3><ul><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking tools,&#8221; 28 July 2026. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-starts-production-home-grown-immersion-duv-chipmaking-tools-source-2026-07-28/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-starts-production-home-grown-immersion-duv-chipmaking-tools-source-2026-07-28/</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;China begins making homegrown DUV chipmaking tools, The Information reports,&#8221; 27 July 2026. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-begins-making-homegrown-duv-chipmaking-tools-information-reports-2026-07-27/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-begins-making-homegrown-duv-chipmaking-tools-information-reports-2026-07-27/</a></p></li><li><p>Global Times, &#8220;Report of China mass-producing DUV tools triggers Western chip stock sell-off; reflecting expectations for Chinese breakthrough amid blockade: expert,&#8221; 28 July 2026. <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1366997.shtml">https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1366997.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>Global Times, &#8220;A single report &#8216;brings down&#8217; ASML&#8217;s stock: Whose anxiety does it expose?,&#8221; 29 July 2026. <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1367031.shtml">https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1367031.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>South China Morning Post, &#8220;China&#8217;s home-grown DUV progress not the biggest threat to ASML, analysts say,&#8221; July 2026. <a href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3362139/chinas-home-grown-duv-progress-not-biggest-threat-asml-analysts-say">https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3362139/chinas-home-grown-duv-progress-not-biggest-threat-asml-analysts-say</a></p></li><li><p>Asia Times, &#8220;China&#8217;s DUV lithography still lags ASML by four generations,&#8221; 31 July 2026. <a href="https://asiatimes.com/2026/07/chinas-duv-lithography-still-lags-asml-by-four-generations/">https://asiatimes.com/2026/07/chinas-duv-lithography-still-lags-asml-by-four-generations/</a></p></li><li><p>Tom&#8217;s Hardware, &#8220;Shanghai Aishengna named as the maker of China&#8217;s first domestic immersion DUV scanners,&#8221; July 2026. <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/shanghai-aishengna-named-as-the-maker-of-chinas-first-domestic-immersion-duv-scanners">https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/shanghai-aishengna-named-as-the-maker-of-chinas-first-domestic-immersion-duv-scanners</a></p></li><li><p>Tom&#8217;s Hardware, &#8220;China begins mass production of domestic immersion DUV lithography machines,&#8221; July 2026. <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/china-begins-mass-production-of-domestic-immersion-duv-lithography-machines">https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/china-begins-mass-production-of-domestic-immersion-duv-lithography-machines</a></p></li><li><p>ASML, &#8220;High NA EUV reaches new readiness milestone with first high-volume Logic product,&#8221; 15 July 2026. <a href="https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2026/high-na-euv-reaches-new-readiness-milestone">https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2026/high-na-euv-reaches-new-readiness-milestone</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;How China built its &#8216;Manhattan Project&#8217; to rival the West in AI chips,&#8221; 17 December 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/how-china-built-its-manhattan-project-rival-west-ai-chips-2025-12-17/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/how-china-built-its-manhattan-project-rival-west-ai-chips-2025-12-17/</a></p></li><li><p>AI Futures, &#8220;A forecast of Chinese DUV and EUV photolithography,&#8221; 19 June 2026. </p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:182911253,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://blog.aifutures.org/p/a-forecast-of-chinese-duv-and-euv&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:3475640,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:1593863,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;AI Futures 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Project&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:null,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:1,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;subscriber&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:1,&quot;accent_colors&quot;:null},&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://blog.aifutures.org/p/a-forecast-of-chinese-duv-and-euv?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;embedding_publication_id=1593863"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iyu_!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3409cfd0-9243-479e-80f9-d0e3922c450a_132x132.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">AI Futures Project</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">A forecast of Chinese DUV and EUV photolithography progress</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">This post was written in collaboration between the AI Futures Project and The Substrate and cross-posted to both&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">2 months ago &#183; 33 likes &#183; 7 comments &#183; Hamish Low, Joshua Turner, and Romeo Dean</div></a></div><ul><li><p>CNBC, &#8220;China&#8217;s reported chip breakthrough comes with some big caveats,&#8221; 28 July 2026. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/28/china-chipmaking-duv-tool-asml-explained.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/28/china-chipmaking-duv-tool-asml-explained.html</a></p></li><li><p>Financial Times, &#8220;ASML&#8217;s hold over the future of chipmaking is weakening&#8221; (title and framing), July 2026. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/af959faa-115d-4073-b9a2-68d11018d05b">https://www.ft.com/content/af959faa-115d-4073-b9a2-68d11018d05b</a></p></li><li><p>ZEISS SMT, EUV lithography technology overview. <a href="https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/euv-lithography.html">https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/euv-lithography.html</a></p></li><li><p>ASML product pages on DUV lithography systems. <a href="https://www.asml.com/products/duv-lithography-systems">https://www.asml.com/products/duv-lithography-systems</a></p></li><li><p>X post by @jukan05, 27 July 2026 (performance limitations and Japanese components). </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/jukan05/status/2081729771415949370&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Its performance is inferior to ASML&#8217;s.\n\nSome components are imported from Japan, but most are made in China.\n\nWow.&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;jukan05&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Jukan&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/2037840794992988160/tnSqJgqt_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-27T13:13:48.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOPJdoWbYAEY2Y3.png&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/8dOS6nc4r6&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Oh shit\n\nThe information: China Starts Mass-Producing Homegrown DUV Chipmaking Tools, An Advance for Local Chip Industry  A Chinese state-backed company has begun manufacturing one of the key pieces of equipment used in chip manufacturing for the first time, a key development in&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;jukan05&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Jukan&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/2037840794992988160/tnSqJgqt_normal.jpg&quot;},&quot;reply_count&quot;:70,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:70,&quot;like_count&quot;:879,&quot;impression_count&quot;:304817,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>X post by @KayaSerhan_, 26 July 2026 (supply-chain details, power comparisons, historical context). </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/KayaSerhan_/status/2081267624684491067&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;&#199;in 43 milyar dolar harcad&#305;, h&#226;l&#226; yapamad&#305;.\n\nLitografi makinesi.\n\nYapabilen firma say&#305;s&#305;: 1. ASML, Hollanda.\nYapmaya yak&#305;n firma say&#305;s&#305;: 0.\n\n100.000 par&#231;a. 5.000 tedarik&#231;i. 60 &#252;lke.\n\nASML'in kendisi sadece %15'ini &#252;retiyor. Ama bir araya getirip &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;rabilen tek firma onlar.&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;KayaSerhan_&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Serhan Kaya&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/2026397677190049792/6OzgZI81_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-26T06:37:24.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bqsr!,w_1028,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/l_play_button_usfui2,w_88,e_colorize:0/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F__ss-rehost__tw-video-preview-13_1885675016064503809.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/cHd8t1J4Ld&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:609,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:1522,&quot;like_count&quot;:9597,&quot;impression_count&quot;:2146560,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:&quot;https://video.twimg.com/amplify_video/1885675016064503809/vid/avc1/720x796/Q3MU0FuVtFpLlsaJ.mp4?tag=16&quot;,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:&quot;13_1885675016064503809&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>X post by @business (Bloomberg), 28 July 2026. </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/business/status/2082213273819095518&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;China may have achieved a breakthrough in building chipmaking machines that have long been dominated by the Netherlands&#8217; ASML. Here's what to know. &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;business&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Bloomberg&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1631723279676317709/-fjgaR2p_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-28T21:15:04.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:29,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:147,&quot;like_count&quot;:619,&quot;impression_count&quot;:173013,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-07-28/china-duv-chipmaking-how-machine-advances-could-reduce-reliance-on-asml-nvidia?taid=6a691bd8ef02360001bcf60e&amp;utm_campaign=trueanthem&amp;utm_content=business&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=twitter&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;How China&#8217;s DUV Chipmaking Advances Threaten Big Tech&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;China&#8217;s semiconductor industry may have achieved a breakthrough in building chipmaking machines that have long been dominated by the Netherlands&#8217; ASML Holding NV. A state-backed firm in Shanghai has found a way to make so-called immersion deep ultraviolet lithography tools that are capable of manufacturing the most widely used chips, according to the Information.&quot;,&quot;domain&quot;:&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;,&quot;image&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/news_img/2082213276314734592/PKruzKA0?format=jpg&amp;name=orig&quot;},&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>X post by @NuryVittachi, 28 July 2026 (media framing, classic-chip leadership, sanctions context). </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/NuryVittachi/status/2081916501494476959&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;BREAKING NEWS: Chinese scientists have solved some of the secrets of making advanced chip machines, a US publication reported yesterday.\n\nShares of ASML, the Netherlands-based monopolist in that sector, fell 7%.\n\nThe Chinese intend to finish five deep ultraviolet lithography &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;NuryVittachi&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Nury Vittachi&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1966787203415330817/HHYjHZlt_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-28T01:35:48.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HORy9wtacAAAKhj.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/7MJiOhJ4qw&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:42,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:192,&quot;like_count&quot;:650,&quot;impression_count&quot;:47915,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Producción de DUV de Inmersión en China]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;Desaf&#237;o a ASML?]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/la-produccion-de-duv-de-inmersion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/la-produccion-de-duv-de-inmersion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 17:54:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 3-agosto-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:110515,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209662281?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v_wR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f365e1-082a-422a-b439-007a0814e947_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A finales de julio de 2026, informes confirmaron que una organizaci&#243;n china respaldada por el Estado hab&#237;a iniciado la fabricaci&#243;n limitada de m&#225;quinas de litograf&#237;a de ultravioleta profundo (DUV) de inmersi&#243;n. El desarrollo fue ampliamente cubierto tanto en medios occidentales como chinos como un paso en los esfuerzos de China por ampliar las capacidades nacionales de equipos semiconductores.</p><p>Los programas chinos de desarrollo de herramientas de litograf&#237;a llevan a&#241;os en marcha a trav&#233;s de sucesivos fondos de inversi&#243;n y consolidaci&#243;n de equipos de ingenier&#237;a. El inicio de la producci&#243;n por parte de Shanghai Aishengna Electronic Technology Group, que incorpor&#243; equipos de proyectos anteriores, proporcion&#243; un dato concreto sobre el avance en los sistemas DUV de inmersi&#243;n, pero solo en estos. El episodio invita a un examen mesurado del rendimiento t&#233;cnico alcanzado, la escala de la producci&#243;n en relaci&#243;n con los productores establecidos y las diferencias que a&#250;n persisten con el equipo y el ecosistema de ASML.</p><h3><strong>Distinci&#243;n entre DUV y EUV</strong></h3><p>La litograf&#237;a sigue siendo el paso m&#225;s intensivo en capital y m&#225;s cr&#237;tico en precisi&#243;n de la fabricaci&#243;n de semiconductores. La elecci&#243;n de la longitud de onda determina las caracter&#237;sticas m&#225;s peque&#241;as que pueden imprimirse de forma fiable y econ&#243;mica.</p><p>Los sistemas de ultravioleta profundo que utilizan l&#225;seres de fluoruro de arg&#243;n operan a 193 nan&#243;metros. Las versiones de inmersi&#243;n colocan una fina capa de agua purificada entre la lente final y la oblea, lo que aumenta la apertura num&#233;rica efectiva y mejora la resoluci&#243;n. Las herramientas de inmersi&#243;n modernas pueden imprimir caracter&#237;sticas de alrededor de 38 nan&#243;metros en una sola exposici&#243;n. Con sucesivas rondas de multipatrones autoalineados dobles o cu&#225;druples, la misma longitud de onda puede soportar patrones m&#225;s densos hasta los bajos teens de nan&#243;metros, aunque a costa de m&#225;scaras adicionales, m&#225;s pasos de proceso, un control de superposici&#243;n m&#225;s estricto y un rendimiento global inferior. Estas m&#225;quinas gestionan la mayor&#237;a de las capas incluso en nodos de proceso avanzados y dominan la producci&#243;n de chips maduros y de gama media utilizados en aplicaciones automotrices, industriales, de gesti&#243;n de energ&#237;a y muchos productos de consumo.</p><p>Los sistemas de ultravioleta extrema operan a 13.5 nan&#243;metros. La longitud de onda m&#225;s corta permite un patr&#243;n de exposici&#243;n &#250;nica m&#225;s denso, lo que reduce la necesidad de multipatrones en capas cr&#237;ticas. Sin embargo, generar luz EUV utilizable requiere una fuente de plasma producida por l&#225;ser que dispara decenas de miles de gotas de esta&#241;o por segundo y convierte un l&#225;ser de di&#243;xido de carbono de alta potencia en radiaci&#243;n de rayos X blandos. Solo un peque&#241;o porcentaje de la energ&#237;a de entrada llega a la oblea; un an&#225;lisis se&#241;ala una entrada de aproximadamente 1 megavatio que produce unos 25 vatios de luz utilizable en el chip. La &#243;ptica reflectante debe ser espejos multicapa pulidos a una figura a escala at&#243;mica y a una rugosidad de frecuencia espacial media; cualquier defecto o contaminaci&#243;n dispersa la luz. Por lo tanto, la EUV comercial de alto volumen exige una potencia de fuente continua de varios cientos de vatios, una limpieza extrema al vac&#237;o, resists especializados y una metrolog&#237;a sofisticada. Estos requisitos explican por qu&#233; solo una empresa ha llevado la EUV a la fabricaci&#243;n de alto volumen.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg" width="1456" height="1049" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1049,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A nano-scale sketch on a millimeter-scale wafer Part 2 | Samsung  Semiconductor Global&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A nano-scale sketch on a millimeter-scale wafer Part 2 | Samsung  Semiconductor Global" title="A nano-scale sketch on a millimeter-scale wafer Part 2 | Samsung  Semiconductor Global" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b6-J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd8aac6-a060-40d9-87f3-28818eeb77d0_1600x1153.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://semiconductor.samsung.com/news-events/tech-blog/a-nano-scale-sketch-on-a-millimeter-scale-wafer-part-2/">semiconductor.samsung.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg" width="1000" height="598" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:598,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;EUV lithography and technology | ZEISS SMT&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="EUV lithography and technology | ZEISS SMT" title="EUV lithography and technology | ZEISS SMT" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XaUB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff53d97bf-26c5-4506-816d-06b0df3022e5_1000x598.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/euv-lithography.html">zeiss.com</a></p><p>La distinci&#243;n es importante porque muchos productos de alto volumen siguen dependiendo en gran medida de las capas DUV. El avance en las herramientas de inmersi&#243;n nacionales mejora, por tanto, la autosuficiencia de una gran parte de la producci&#243;n de chips de China, incluso mientras el camino hacia la EUV comercial sigue siendo m&#225;s largo.</p><h3><strong>El Hito de Julio de 2026 y su Escala Medida</strong></h3><p>Seg&#250;n los informes de The Information y la posterior confirmaci&#243;n de Reuters, Shanghai Aishengna Electronic Technology Group comenz&#243; a fabricar sistemas DUV de inmersi&#243;n a mediados de 2026. La empresa, establecida en agosto de 2023 con un capital registrado de aproximadamente 7,000 millones de yuanes y propiedad mayoritaria estatal a trav&#233;s de Shanghai Electric Holding y una subsidiaria de Shanghai International Trust, incorpor&#243; equipos de ingenier&#237;a previamente asociados a Shanghai Yuliangsheng Technology y Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment. Los objetivos de producci&#243;n se sit&#250;an en aproximadamente cinco sistemas en 2026 y alrededor de veinte en 2027. Las primeras entregas est&#225;n programadas para Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, Hua Hong Semiconductor y ChangXin Memory Technologies.</p><p>La mayor&#237;a de los componentes se abastecen ahora a nivel nacional, aunque algunas piezas cr&#237;ticas siguen llegando de Jap&#243;n. Evaluaciones independientes sit&#250;an el rendimiento de las nuevas m&#225;quinas aproximadamente cuatro generaciones por detr&#225;s de las herramientas de inmersi&#243;n actuales de ASML, m&#225;s cerca de la capacidad de sistemas como el TWINSCAN NXT:1950i introducido alrededor de 2008. La resoluci&#243;n de exposici&#243;n &#250;nica se caracteriza como de clase de 28 nan&#243;metros; el multipatr&#243;n puede extender el proceso a&#250;n m&#225;s a costa de los habituales de costo y rendimiento. La fiabilidad, el rendimiento y el tiempo de actividad a largo plazo a&#250;n requieren una mayor validaci&#243;n antes de la cualificaci&#243;n de alto volumen. El experto chino Zhou Mi, de la Academia China de Cooperaci&#243;n Econ&#243;mica y Comercial Internacional, describi&#243; cualquier sustituci&#243;n parcial nacional como &#8220;un paso de 0 a 1 en la ruptura de los bloqueos externos&#8221;, al tiempo que reconoci&#243; las brechas restantes.</p><p>En comparaci&#243;n, ASML ha indicado una capacidad de aproximadamente 130 sistemas DUV de inmersi&#243;n en 2026, con un aumento previsto de alrededor del 30 por ciento al a&#241;o siguiente. La producci&#243;n china representa, por tanto, una fracci&#243;n modesta de la capacidad mundial de inmersi&#243;n y se dirige principalmente al uso dom&#233;stico cautivo m&#225;s que a la competencia en el mercado abierto.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp" width="800" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;ASML sees export controls on latest DUV lithography equipment ...&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="ASML sees export controls on latest DUV lithography equipment ..." title="ASML sees export controls on latest DUV lithography equipment ..." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSzS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc16d49f7-fa74-4bb2-8e25-34477d3fd655_800x600.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/asml-sees-export-controls-on-latest-duv-lithography-equipment/">eenewseurope.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;EXCLUSIVE: China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking  tools, source says | Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="EXCLUSIVE: China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking  tools, source says | Reuters" title="EXCLUSIVE: China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking  tools, source says | Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eKeA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e6928e-9420-473a-bf78-99087f868445_1920x1280.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-starts-production-home-grown-immersion-duv-chipmaking-tools-source-2026-07-28/">reuters.com</a></p><h3><strong>Contexto Pol&#237;tico y Antecedentes Hist&#243;ricos</strong></h3><p>La aceleraci&#243;n de los programas chinos de litograf&#237;a sigui&#243; a la expansi&#243;n de los controles de exportaci&#243;n que comenzaron en 2022. Los sistemas de ultravioleta extrema se prohibieron por completo a los clientes chinos. Los requisitos de licencia para las herramientas de inmersi&#243;n avanzadas se endurecieron en los a&#241;os posteriores, y medidas paralelas en los Pa&#237;ses Bajos y Jap&#243;n limitaron a&#250;n m&#225;s el acceso a subsistemas clave. Los documentos de pol&#237;tica chinos ya hab&#237;an identificado la litograf&#237;a como una brecha estrat&#233;gica. El Fondo Nacional de Inversi&#243;n en la Industria de Circuitos Integrados y veh&#237;culos provinciales relacionados canalizaron capital hacia SMEE, Yuliangsheng y, m&#225;s tarde, la estructura consolidada de Aishengna. El reclutamiento de ingenieros con experiencia en ASML y otras empresas occidentales aport&#243; tanto conocimiento de dise&#241;o expl&#237;cito como experiencia de proceso t&#225;cita.</p><p>Los esfuerzos chinos anteriores, en particular los de SMEE, hab&#237;an producido sistemas secos y de inmersi&#243;n limitados, pero tuvieron dificultades para alcanzar la fiabilidad comercial en nodos avanzados. El trabajo paralelo en prototipos de ultravioleta extrema continu&#243; en laboratorios de alta seguridad. Reuters inform&#243; en diciembre de 2025 que un equipo con sede en Shenzhen hab&#237;a ensamblado un prototipo capaz de generar luz EUV, bas&#225;ndose en una mezcla de componentes reverse-engineered, de segunda mano y nacionales. Las estimaciones de potencia de la fuente oscilan entre 100 y 150 vatios, muy por debajo de los varios cientos de vatios que entregan las fuentes comerciales de ASML. No se han informado chips comerciales funcionales a partir de estos prototipos. Los objetivos internos optimistas hablan de 2028; los an&#225;lisis externos sit&#250;an m&#225;s com&#250;nmente la preparaci&#243;n de alto volumen en la d&#233;cada de 2030.</p><p>Los precedentes hist&#243;ricos ofrecen un contexto &#250;til. Nikon y Canon desarrollaron s&#243;lidas capacidades de &#243;ptica y l&#225;ser, pero finalmente se retiraron de la competencia de vanguardia. La integraci&#243;n a nivel de sistema, el codesarrollo continuo con clientes y la densidad de la red de proveedores de apoyo resultaron decisivos. El modelo temprano de ASML de riesgo compartido con Intel, Samsung y TSMC ayud&#243; a desriesgar la inversi&#243;n de d&#233;cadas en EUV, con esos clientes aportando aproximadamente 5,400 millones de d&#243;lares de apoyo combinado alrededor de 2012.</p><h3><strong>La Posici&#243;n Estructural de ASML, su Ecosistema y su Hoja de Ruta Activa</strong></h3><p>ASML funciona principalmente como integrador de sistemas m&#225;s que como fabricante verticalmente integrado. Solo una minor&#237;a de los aproximadamente 100,000 componentes de un esc&#225;ner moderno se producen internamente (las estimaciones sit&#250;an la proporci&#243;n interna cerca del 15 por ciento). La empresa coordina una red de aproximadamente 5,000 proveedores repartidos en m&#225;s de sesenta pa&#237;ses. Dos relaciones destacan por su peso estrat&#233;gico. Carl Zeiss SMT suministra los espejos multicapa y la &#243;ptica de proyecci&#243;n pulidos a precisi&#243;n at&#243;mica; ASML mantiene una participaci&#243;n accionaria significativa y una asociaci&#243;n exclusiva a largo plazo. TRUMPF proporciona los l&#225;seres de di&#243;xido de carbono de alta potencia que impulsan la fuente de plasma EUV. Estos nodos poseen conocimiento de proceso e intensidad de capital que son dif&#237;ciles de replicar a corto plazo.</p><p>La co-inversi&#243;n de los clientes aceler&#243; la comercializaci&#243;n de la EUV. Intel, Samsung y TSMC aportaron tanto capital como aprendizaje temprano de proceso. En julio de 2026, ASML anunci&#243; que Intel Foundry hab&#237;a entrado en fabricaci&#243;n de alto volumen de capas seleccionadas de su proceso 18A, enviando producto basado en sistemas High-NA EUV. La capacidad de EUV Low-NA contin&#250;a expandi&#233;ndose para satisfacer la demanda de aceleradores de inteligencia artificial. Las mejoras de productividad, el aumento de la potencia de la fuente y una mayor disponibilidad del sistema siguen siendo programas de desarrollo activos. China ya representaba una proporci&#243;n restringida de los ingresos de ASML bajo los reg&#237;menes de licencia existentes; la demanda no china, especialmente de l&#243;gica avanzada y memoria, se ha mantenido robusta.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png" width="1000" height="562" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:562,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;With ASML's New EXE Generation, High-NA EUVL is Ready for Practical Use&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="With ASML's New EXE Generation, High-NA EUVL is Ready for Practical Use" title="With ASML's New EXE Generation, High-NA EUVL is Ready for Practical Use" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uaTn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc6592d2-36bc-451b-a24c-ba6b749c1740_1000x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.all-about-industries.com/with-asmls-new-exe-generation-high-na-euvl-is-ready-for-practical-use-a-8d4ad644e4ca5fb361ddd3cee45131d0/">all-about-industries.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg" width="950" height="534" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:534,&quot;width&quot;:950,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;High-NA-EUV Lithography: the next EUV generation | ZEISS SMT&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="High-NA-EUV Lithography: the next EUV generation | ZEISS SMT" title="High-NA-EUV Lithography: the next EUV generation | ZEISS SMT" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kjLK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba64fc9b-1916-4817-88b8-27661b3f0100_950x534.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/high-na-euv-lithography.html">zeiss.com</a></p><h3><strong>La Estrategia M&#225;s Amplia de China, los Soluciones de Multipatr&#243;n y los Esfuerzos Paralelos de EUV</strong></h3><p>Las herramientas de inmersi&#243;n nacionales fortalecen la posici&#243;n de China en la producci&#243;n de alto volumen de nodos maduros y de gama media. Estos nodos siguen constituyendo la mayor parte del volumen unitario y sirven a sectores estrat&#233;gicos como la electr&#243;nica automotriz, los controles industriales y los dispositivos de potencia. El multipatr&#243;n intensivo permite que el equipo DUV existente, incluidas las nuevas m&#225;quinas nacionales, soporte geometr&#237;as m&#225;s densas. Las compensaciones est&#225;n bien documentadas: los niveles adicionales de m&#225;scara aumentan el costo del proceso, reducen el rendimiento y alargan el tiempo de ciclo. Las fundiciones chinas han demostrado la capacidad de producir productos competitivos a densidades de clase de 7 nan&#243;metros mediante estas t&#233;cnicas, aunque a un costo m&#225;s alto y con menor eficiencia que las rutas de exposici&#243;n &#250;nica de EUV.</p><p>El desarrollo de ultravioleta extrema contin&#250;a en paralelo. Los prototipos generan luz, pero a&#250;n no han entregado chips comerciales funcionales. Persisten brechas en la potencia de la fuente, la calidad de la &#243;ptica, la qu&#237;mica de los resists, el control de la contaminaci&#243;n y la integraci&#243;n global del sistema. Las previsiones independientes sit&#250;an la capacidad comercial de alto volumen m&#225;s tarde que las hojas de ruta chinas m&#225;s optimistas, a menudo a mediados o finales de la d&#233;cada de 2030 si el aprendizaje iterativo contin&#250;a al ritmo actual. Los comentarios chinos, incluidos los de Xiang Ligang de la alianza Zhongguancun, enmarcan el paso de DUV como evidencia de una capacidad a largo plazo que no puede extinguirse por la presi&#243;n externa.</p><h3><strong>Encuadre Medi&#225;tico, Reacci&#243;n del Mercado y una Evaluaci&#243;n Equilibrada</strong></h3><p>La cobertura inicial colaps&#243; con frecuencia el avance de DUV en una narrativa m&#225;s amplia de desaf&#237;o al monopolio de ASML. Las distinciones entre las herramientas de inmersi&#243;n adecuadas para la producci&#243;n madura y de gama media y los sistemas EUV mucho m&#225;s exigentes necesarios para la eficiencia de vanguardia a menudo se difuminaron. La reacci&#243;n temporal del precio de las acciones reflej&#243; la sensibilidad de los inversores a cualquier se&#241;al de recuperaci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica m&#225;s que un cambio inmediato en los libros de pedidos o el liderazgo tecnol&#243;gico. El titular del Financial Times &#8220;ASML&#8217;s hold over the future of chipmaking is weakening&#8221; captur&#243; una corriente del encuadre occidental, mientras que los editoriales de Global Times describieron la misma reacci&#243;n del mercado como evidencia de la ansiedad occidental por la erosi&#243;n del apalancamiento.</p><p>Los informes del South China Morning Post citaron a analistas que argumentaban que las m&#225;quinas DUV de fabricaci&#243;n nacional no constituyen la mayor amenaza a corto plazo para la posici&#243;n de ASML, dada la escala, la fiabilidad y la exclusividad de la EUV que permanecen en la empresa neerlandesa. Una visi&#243;n medida reconoce dos realidades simult&#225;neas. La producci&#243;n de sistemas de inmersi&#243;n nacionales funcionales bajo severas restricciones externas constituye un progreso genuino en la autosuficiencia. Al mismo tiempo, las brechas cuantitativas en volumen, fiabilidad, rendimiento y rendimiento de vanguardia siguen siendo sustanciales. ASML contin&#250;a avanzando en la tecnolog&#237;a High-NA y expandiendo la capacidad para clientes no chinos. Las m&#225;quinas chinas abordan una necesidad dom&#233;stica definida; a&#250;n no constituyen un sustituto comercial de la gama de productos global de ASML ni de sus ventajas de base instalada y servicio.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg" width="800" height="420" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:420,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography  machines&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography  machines" title="China begins limited production of homegrown immersion DUV lithography  machines" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S9iy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d11e5c-0bbc-4cc6-988d-2357966ea10b_800x420.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://cryptobriefing.com/china-homegrown-duv-lithography-production/">cryptobriefing.com</a></p><h3><strong>An&#225;lisis de Redes de la Adaptaci&#243;n de la Cadena de Suministro</strong></h3><p>El inicio de la producci&#243;n de julio de 2026 ofrece un ejemplo concreto de adaptaci&#243;n de redes tras una disrupci&#243;n ex&#243;gena. El ecosistema global de equipos de litograf&#237;a puede modelarse como una red compleja jer&#225;rquica. ASML ocupa la posici&#243;n de centro principal de integraci&#243;n de sistemas con una centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n extrema. Carl Zeiss SMT y TRUMPF constituyen nodos de cuello de botella de alta centralidad cuyo conocimiento de proceso especializado crea puntos de estrangulamiento estructurales. Miles de proveedores de niveles inferiores forman una periferia densa distribuida en decenas de pa&#237;ses, vinculados por d&#233;cadas de codesarrollo.</p><p>Los controles de exportaci&#243;n a partir de 2022 funcionaron como una eliminaci&#243;n o atenuaci&#243;n a gran escala de aristas entre las entidades chinas y los nodos de alta centralidad occidentales y japoneses. En respuesta, la direcci&#243;n estatal china produjo dos procesos observables. En primer lugar, los equipos nacionales previamente fragmentados se consolidaron en Aishengna, se densificaron las relaciones con proveedores nacionales y se retuvieron los v&#237;nculos residuales de componentes japoneses donde la localizaci&#243;n completa segu&#237;a incompleta. Esto elev&#243; la modularidad entre la red global original y un subgrafo chino de DUV parcialmente cerrado. En segundo lugar, los nodos de talento m&#243;viles (ingenieros con experiencia previa en ASML y empresas relacionadas) crearon nuevas aristas de difusi&#243;n de conocimiento que transportaban tanto dise&#241;os expl&#237;citos como saber hacer t&#225;cito hacia el cl&#250;ster chino.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png" width="1456" height="1495" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1495,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1927159,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209662281?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rV3U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff30395de-6ca6-4c0b-ad39-f1d492a45bec_7562x7767.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El gr&#225;fico ilustra por qu&#233; la localizaci&#243;n de DUV de inmersi&#243;n result&#243; m&#225;s factible que la equivalencia verdadera de EUV. Los nodos de &#243;ptica y fuente de mayor centralidad siguen siendo dif&#237;ciles de sustituir. La red original ha demostrado resiliencia: contin&#250;a atendiendo la demanda no china y desplegando sistemas High-NA. El subgrafo chino muestra capacidad adaptativa a trav&#233;s de la densificaci&#243;n y los flujos de talento, pero sigue limitado en volumen, a&#250;n parcialmente dependiente de componentes extranjeros residuales y no probado en fiabilidad sostenida de alto volumen. Los efectos de informaci&#243;n aparecieron en la r&#225;pida pero temporal reacci&#243;n del precio de las acciones, una red financiera superpuesta que respond&#237;a a la noticia estructural.</p><h3><strong>Implicaciones M&#225;s Amplias y Preguntas Abiertas</strong></h3><p>La capacidad de inmersi&#243;n nacional reduce la vulnerabilidad de la producci&#243;n de nodos maduros y apoya el objetivo declarado de China de liderazgo en chips cl&#225;sicos de alto volumen. Los costos y la disponibilidad globales de equipos pueden experimentar efectos de segundo orden modestos si las cadenas de suministro duales se consolidan. Los proveedores japoneses de componentes se enfrentan a un escrutinio continuo de doble uso. Los flujos de talento y las v&#237;as de ingenier&#237;a inversa seguir&#225;n activos. Si la inversi&#243;n estatal sostenida y el aprendizaje iterativo pueden cerrar eventualmente las brechas m&#225;s extremas de EUV depende de la persistencia de la topolog&#237;a actual de la red, la tasa de aprendizaje de proceso nacional y cualquier cambio futuro en los reg&#237;menes de control de exportaciones. T&#233;cnicas alternativas de patr&#243;n o enfoques avanzados de empaquetado tambi&#233;n pueden alterar el valor relativo de igualar cada nodo de la hoja de ruta de ASML. Los comentarios oficiales chinos contin&#250;an subrayando que el progreso tecnol&#243;gico contribuye a la estabilidad de la cadena de suministro global, mientras que los an&#225;lisis occidentales se centran en las ventajas de integraci&#243;n perdurables de la red centrada en ASML.</p><h3><strong>Conclusi&#243;n</strong></h3><p>El inicio de la producci&#243;n limitada de DUV de inmersi&#243;n nacional en 2026 constituye un avance medible en la capacidad de equipos semiconductores de China bajo restricciones externas. Mejora la autosuficiencia de una parte sustancial de la fabricaci&#243;n de chips, al tiempo que deja en gran medida intactas las ventajas estructurales de ASML (experiencia de integraci&#243;n de sistemas, relaciones exclusivas con proveedores de alta centralidad, densidad de la base instalada y el progreso continuo de High-NA). El episodio demuestra tanto el potencial adaptativo de un sistema industrial determinado como las restricciones perdurables impuestas por la topolog&#237;a de una red tecnol&#243;gica global altamente especializada. El progreso adicional ser&#225; visible en los datos de fiabilidad, los vol&#250;menes de producci&#243;n y el rendimiento eventual de cualquier sistema EUV comercial que surja de los programas paralelos de prototipos.</p><h3><strong>Fuentes</strong></h3><ul><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;China starts production of home-grown immersion DUV chipmaking tools,&#8221; 28 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-starts-production-home-grown-immersion-duv-chipmaking-tools-source-2026-07-28/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-starts-production-home-grown-immersion-duv-chipmaking-tools-source-2026-07-28/</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;China begins making homegrown DUV chipmaking tools, The Information reports,&#8221; 27 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-begins-making-homegrown-duv-chipmaking-tools-information-reports-2026-07-27/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-begins-making-homegrown-duv-chipmaking-tools-information-reports-2026-07-27/</a></p></li><li><p>Global Times, &#8220;Report of China mass-producing DUV tools triggers Western chip stock sell-off; reflecting expectations for Chinese breakthrough amid blockade: expert,&#8221; 28 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1366997.shtml">https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1366997.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>Global Times, &#8220;A single report &#8216;brings down&#8217; ASML&#8217;s stock: Whose anxiety does it expose?,&#8221; 29 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1367031.shtml">https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202607/1367031.shtml</a></p></li><li><p>South China Morning Post, &#8220;China&#8217;s home-grown DUV progress not the biggest threat to ASML, analysts say,&#8221; julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3362139/chinas-home-grown-duv-progress-not-biggest-threat-asml-analysts-say">https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3362139/chinas-home-grown-duv-progress-not-biggest-threat-asml-analysts-say</a></p></li><li><p>Asia Times, &#8220;China&#8217;s DUV lithography still lags ASML by four generations,&#8221; 31 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://asiatimes.com/2026/07/chinas-duv-lithography-still-lags-asml-by-four-generations/">https://asiatimes.com/2026/07/chinas-duv-lithography-still-lags-asml-by-four-generations/</a></p></li><li><p>Tom&#8217;s Hardware, &#8220;Shanghai Aishengna named as the maker of China&#8217;s first domestic immersion DUV scanners,&#8221; julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/shanghai-aishengna-named-as-the-maker-of-chinas-first-domestic-immersion-duv-scanners">https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/shanghai-aishengna-named-as-the-maker-of-chinas-first-domestic-immersion-duv-scanners</a></p></li><li><p>Tom&#8217;s Hardware, &#8220;China begins mass production of domestic immersion DUV lithography machines,&#8221; julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/china-begins-mass-production-of-domestic-immersion-duv-lithography-machines">https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/china-begins-mass-production-of-domestic-immersion-duv-lithography-machines</a></p></li><li><p>ASML, &#8220;High NA EUV reaches new readiness milestone with first high-volume Logic product,&#8221; 15 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2026/high-na-euv-reaches-new-readiness-milestone">https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2026/high-na-euv-reaches-new-readiness-milestone</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;How China built its &#8216;Manhattan Project&#8217; to rival the West in AI chips,&#8221; 17 de diciembre de 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/how-china-built-its-manhattan-project-rival-west-ai-chips-2025-12-17/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/how-china-built-its-manhattan-project-rival-west-ai-chips-2025-12-17/</a></p></li><li><p>AI Futures, &#8220;A forecast of Chinese DUV and EUV photolithography,&#8221; 19 de junio de 2026. </p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:182911253,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://blog.aifutures.org/p/a-forecast-of-chinese-duv-and-euv&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:3475640,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:1593863,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;AI Futures 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Substack&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bf43fad0-a0cf-4883-94e1-3698248a8623_739x733.jpeg&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:154071825,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:154071825,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#EA82FF&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2024-03-29T00:31:53.441Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:null,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Joshua Turner&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:null,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:null},{&quot;id&quot;:312428288,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Romeo 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href="https://blog.aifutures.org/p/a-forecast-of-chinese-duv-and-euv?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;embedding_publication_id=1593863"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iyu_!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3409cfd0-9243-479e-80f9-d0e3922c450a_132x132.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">AI Futures Project</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">A forecast of Chinese DUV and EUV photolithography progress</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">This post was written in collaboration between the AI Futures Project and The Substrate and cross-posted to both&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">2 months ago &#183; 33 likes &#183; 7 comments &#183; Hamish Low, Joshua Turner, and Romeo Dean</div></a></div><ul><li><p>CNBC, &#8220;China&#8217;s reported chip breakthrough comes with some big caveats,&#8221; 28 de julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/28/china-chipmaking-duv-tool-asml-explained.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/28/china-chipmaking-duv-tool-asml-explained.html</a></p></li><li><p>Financial Times, &#8220;ASML&#8217;s hold over the future of chipmaking is weakening&#8221; (t&#237;tulo y encuadre), julio de 2026. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/af959faa-115d-4073-b9a2-68d11018d05b">https://www.ft.com/content/af959faa-115d-4073-b9a2-68d11018d05b</a></p></li><li><p>ZEISS SMT, resumen de la tecnolog&#237;a de litograf&#237;a EUV. <a href="https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/euv-lithography.html">https://www.zeiss.com/semiconductor-manufacturing-technology/inspiring-technology/euv-lithography.html</a></p></li><li><p>P&#225;ginas de productos de ASML sobre sistemas de litograf&#237;a DUV. <a href="https://www.asml.com/products/duv-lithography-systems">https://www.asml.com/products/duv-lithography-systems</a></p></li><li><p>Publicaci&#243;n de X de @jukan05, 27 de julio de 2026 (limitaciones de rendimiento y componentes japoneses). </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/jukan05/status/2081729771415949370&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Its performance is inferior to ASML&#8217;s.\n\nSome components are imported from Japan, but most are made in China.\n\nWow.&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;jukan05&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Jukan&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/2037840794992988160/tnSqJgqt_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-27T13:13:48.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOPJdoWbYAEY2Y3.png&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/8dOS6nc4r6&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Oh shit\n\nThe information: China Starts Mass-Producing Homegrown DUV Chipmaking Tools, An Advance for Local Chip Industry  A Chinese state-backed company has begun manufacturing one of the key pieces of equipment used in chip manufacturing for the first time, a key development in&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;jukan05&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Jukan&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/2037840794992988160/tnSqJgqt_normal.jpg&quot;},&quot;reply_count&quot;:70,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:70,&quot;like_count&quot;:879,&quot;impression_count&quot;:304817,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>Publicaci&#243;n de X de @KayaSerhan_, 26 de julio de 2026 (detalles de la cadena de suministro, comparaciones de potencia, contexto hist&#243;rico). </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/KayaSerhan_/status/2081267624684491067&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;&#199;in 43 milyar dolar harcad&#305;, h&#226;l&#226; yapamad&#305;.\n\nLitografi makinesi.\n\nYapabilen firma say&#305;s&#305;: 1. ASML, Hollanda.\nYapmaya yak&#305;n firma say&#305;s&#305;: 0.\n\n100.000 par&#231;a. 5.000 tedarik&#231;i. 60 &#252;lke.\n\nASML'in kendisi sadece %15'ini &#252;retiyor. Ama bir araya getirip &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;rabilen tek firma onlar.&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;KayaSerhan_&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Serhan Kaya&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/2026397677190049792/6OzgZI81_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-26T06:37:24.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bqsr!,w_1028,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/l_play_button_usfui2,w_88,e_colorize:0/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F__ss-rehost__tw-video-preview-13_1885675016064503809.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/cHd8t1J4Ld&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:609,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:1522,&quot;like_count&quot;:9597,&quot;impression_count&quot;:2146560,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:&quot;https://video.twimg.com/amplify_video/1885675016064503809/vid/avc1/720x796/Q3MU0FuVtFpLlsaJ.mp4?tag=16&quot;,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:&quot;13_1885675016064503809&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>Publicaci&#243;n de X de @business (Bloomberg), 28 de julio de 2026. </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/business/status/2082213273819095518&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;China may have achieved a breakthrough in building chipmaking machines that have long been dominated by the Netherlands&#8217; ASML. Here's what to know. &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;business&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Bloomberg&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1631723279676317709/-fjgaR2p_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-28T21:15:04.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:29,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:147,&quot;like_count&quot;:619,&quot;impression_count&quot;:173013,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-07-28/china-duv-chipmaking-how-machine-advances-could-reduce-reliance-on-asml-nvidia?taid=6a691bd8ef02360001bcf60e&amp;utm_campaign=trueanthem&amp;utm_content=business&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=twitter&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;How China&#8217;s DUV Chipmaking Advances Threaten Big Tech&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;China&#8217;s semiconductor industry may have achieved a breakthrough in building chipmaking machines that have long been dominated by the Netherlands&#8217; ASML Holding NV. A state-backed firm in Shanghai has found a way to make so-called immersion deep ultraviolet lithography tools that are capable of manufacturing the most widely used chips, according to the Information.&quot;,&quot;domain&quot;:&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;,&quot;image&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/news_img/2082213276314734592/PKruzKA0?format=jpg&amp;name=orig&quot;},&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>Publicaci&#243;n de X de @NuryVittachi, 28 de julio de 2026 (encuadre medi&#225;tico, liderazgo en chips cl&#225;sicos, contexto de sanciones). </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/NuryVittachi/status/2081916501494476959&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;BREAKING NEWS: Chinese scientists have solved some of the secrets of making advanced chip machines, a US publication reported yesterday.\n\nShares of ASML, the Netherlands-based monopolist in that sector, fell 7%.\n\nThe Chinese intend to finish five deep ultraviolet lithography &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;NuryVittachi&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Nury Vittachi&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1966787203415330817/HHYjHZlt_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-28T01:35:48.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HORy9wtacAAAKhj.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/7MJiOhJ4qw&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:42,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:192,&quot;like_count&quot;:650,&quot;impression_count&quot;:47915,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><p></p><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Mobile Megawatts]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Modular Gas and Diesel Generators Are Meeting AI Demand and Strengthening Power Systems in 2026]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/mobile-megawatts</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/mobile-megawatts</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 18:18:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publihsed 31-july-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:359548,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209281479?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aGKQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04bfcc31-91fc-4e7c-8aa1-e70a741af642_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The electricity systems of major economies entered 2025 under simultaneous pressure from several directions. Hyperscale data centres for artificial intelligence training and inference began requesting power blocks measured in hundreds of megawatts per campus. In many regions the queues for permanent grid interconnection stretched beyond five years. Variable renewable generation continued to grow, increasing the value of fast-ramping capacity that could firm supply within minutes. At the same time, governments and system operators retained a heightened focus on energy security after the disruptions of earlier years. Traditional large centralised plants, whether combined-cycle gas or residual thermal units, require multi-year development cycles, extensive civil works and large capital commitments locked to a single location. Against that background, modular and mobile generation packages, previously regarded mainly as tools for emergency response or remote industrial sites, moved into the mainstream of both utility planning and private behind-the-meter investment.</p><p>The practical advantages are straightforward. A trailer-mounted aeroderivative package can be transported by road, assembled and synchronised in a matter of days or weeks rather than years. Capacity can be added in discrete increments that match actual load growth. Units can later be relocated when permanent plant comes online or when demand shifts. Capital is deployed in stages rather than as a single large sunk investment. These characteristics explain why orders for mobile and modular gas-turbine and diesel packages accelerated sharply through 2025 and into 2026.</p><h3>Technological Landscape Beyond the Classic Mobile Units</h3><p>Two well-known platforms defined the previous generation of mobile power. Siemens Energy&#8217;s SGT-A45 TR, introduced in the late 2010s, delivered approximately 41&#8211;44 MW in a trailer-mounted aeroderivative configuration. The standard GE TM2500, derived from the LM2500 aero engine, offered similar mobility and output in the mid-30 MW range with dual-fuel capability. Both proved reliable for temporary and peaking duty, yet newer packages have improved efficiency, reduced water use, lowered emissions and increased power density per trailer.</p><p>GE Vernova&#8217;s TM2500 DLE, launched at the end of March 2025, marks a clear step forward. The unit produces 34.5 MW net under ISO conditions at 39.5 per cent simple-cycle efficiency. It operates without water injection for emissions control, achieving lower NOx, CO and particulate emissions together with near-zero methane slip. The package runs on natural gas or liquid fuel and accepts hydrogen blends. Start-up to full load takes five minutes. The entire plant arrives on two trailers and can be installed in roughly fourteen days once on site, with overall lead times from contract to commissioning quoted at around thirty days.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GE Vernova launches TM2500* DLE aeroderivative gas turbine, world's first  mobile power generation solution to operate without water | GE Vernova News&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="GE Vernova launches TM2500* DLE aeroderivative gas turbine, world's first  mobile power generation solution to operate without water | GE Vernova News" title="GE Vernova launches TM2500* DLE aeroderivative gas turbine, world's first  mobile power generation solution to operate without water | GE Vernova News" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tXqm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e9800e-0126-4c81-8bb3-47fb8bc512b9_3600x2025.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-launches-tm2500-dle-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-worlds-first-mobile-power">gevernova.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg" width="640" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;TM2500 DLE: Mobile power for a demanding world | GE Vernova - YouTube&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="TM2500 DLE: Mobile power for a demanding world | GE Vernova - YouTube" title="TM2500 DLE: Mobile power for a demanding world | GE Vernova - YouTube" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uFX6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14092295-e502-4fc3-9ef6-23ac0a63197d_640x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGW9OA4_72g">youtube.com</a></p><p>Higher-density packaging has also advanced. Dynamis Power Solutions, working with Baker Hughes, offers the DT70 configuration based on the LM9000. Ten such units ordered in late 2025 deliver 700 MW of mobile capacity; each 70 MW package occupies four trailers and requires minimal civil works. The same family includes DT35 and related variants. Relevant Power and GE Vernova&#8217;s own LM2500XPRESS packages further reduce on-site assembly time by shipping a larger share of the balance of plant in factory-tested modules.</p><p>Solar Turbines continues to supply Titan 350 and SMT-series mobile packages in the mid-30 MW range, valued for fuel flexibility and rapid mobilisation in industrial settings. Rolls-Royce Power Systems introduced factory-tested modular gas-engine plants in February 2026. These arrive as 10 MW, 20 MW or 30 MW blocks that can be combined into installations ranging from a few megawatts to several hundred megawatts. Hydrogen readiness is built in from the outset, and the target grid-connection window is twelve to eighteen months rather than the multi-year timelines of conventional EPC projects.</p><p>Siemens Energy, in partnership with Eaton announced in June 2025, markets complete modular power campuses for data centres. A standard configuration supplies 500 MW using clusters of SGT-800 industrial turbines (45&#8211;62 MW each), battery storage and redundancy systems. The design is scalable, can operate independently of the wider grid if required, and is prepared for future hydrogen operation. Time-to-market is reported to shrink by as much as two years compared with conventional plant development.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png" width="1456" height="825" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:825,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SGT-800 industrial gas turbine&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" title="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jbBw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b9ef0ad-00b2-4f8e-83ba-91b35d806f84_6000x3400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/home/products-services/product/sgt-800.html">siemens-energy.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SGT-800 industrial gas turbine&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" title="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6X99!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfadf050-5b0e-4075-ba8e-affd817458ef_6000x3375.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/home/products-services/product/sgt-800.html">siemens-energy.com</a></p><p>On the diesel side, containerised multi-megawatt farms remain the backbone of data-centre backup and remote-site power. Modern packages meet Tier 4 Final or Stage V emission standards, incorporate dual-fuel capability, and integrate increasingly with battery storage to provide seamless N+1 or N+2 redundancy. Belly-tank modularity and stackable container designs further simplify logistics.</p><p>A concise comparison illustrates the trade-offs. The TM2500 DLE offers the highest efficiency among pure mobile aeroderivatives and eliminates water use. Dynamis-style packages achieve the greatest power density per square metre of footprint. Rolls-Royce engine modules prioritise factory standardisation and hydrogen readiness for medium-term installations. Siemens modular campuses emphasise integrated redundancy and battery support for hyperscale loads. Diesel containers remain the lowest-cost and most rapidly deployable option for pure backup duty, albeit with higher fuel costs and emission intensity under continuous operation.</p><h3>Market Drivers</h3><p>The dominant driver in 2025&#8211;2026 has been the electricity demand of hyperscale AI data centres. Operators require firm capacity on timelines that conventional generation and transmission cannot match. Behind-the-meter modular fleets therefore appear at many new campuses. Utility peaking and seasonal reserve requirements provide a second steady market, especially in systems with high renewable penetration. Renewable firming, remote industrial and mining loads, disaster recovery, and the gradual displacement of pure diesel by dual-fuel or gas packages in emerging markets complete the picture. In each case the ability to match capacity closely to load and to relocate assets later improves project economics.</p><h3>2025&#8211;2026 Case Studies</h3><p>Concrete deployments illustrate the scale and variety of applications. In Switzerland the Federal Office of Energy ordered eight TM2500 units providing 250 MW of temporary reserve capacity. The plant, located at GE Vernova&#8217;s Birr manufacturing site, was completed in twenty-six weeks and is contracted to operate through the end of April 2026, covering winter peaks and enhancing system reliability.</p><p>In the Bahamas, Bahamas Turbines Limited ordered two TM2500 packages in late 2024 for temporary expansion of the Clifton Piers plant on New Providence. The units, expected to deliver around 30&#8211;60 MW depending on configuration, support peak summer tourism demand and reduce the risk of shortages. Installation timelines of approximately forty-two days have been cited for comparable mobilisations.</p><p>Crusoe Energy, a vertically integrated AI infrastructure provider, contracted GE Vernova for twenty-nine LM2500XPRESS packages. The combined order, placed in two tranches during 2024 and 2025, is expected to supply nearly 1 GW to Crusoe data centres, with units scheduled for full operation from the fourth quarter of 2025. The packages arrive largely factory-assembled and offer five-minute start capability together with dual-fuel flexibility.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg" width="1456" height="849" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:849,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GE Vernova and Crusoe announce major 29-unit aeroderivative gas turbine  deal to deliver power to AI data centers | GE Vernova News&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="GE Vernova and Crusoe announce major 29-unit aeroderivative gas turbine  deal to deliver power to AI data centers | GE Vernova News" title="GE Vernova and Crusoe announce major 29-unit aeroderivative gas turbine  deal to deliver power to AI data centers | GE Vernova News" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DUXi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4814790f-e369-4f53-b3d4-4849d24dfa74_3600x2099.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-crusoe-announce-major-29-unit-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-deliver-ai-data-centers">gevernova.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg" width="1280" height="774" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:774,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Going Big: To Support Data Center Growth and Rising Renewables, Crusoe Is  Ordering Flexible Gas Turbines | GE Vernova News&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Going Big: To Support Data Center Growth and Rising Renewables, Crusoe Is  Ordering Flexible Gas Turbines | GE Vernova News" title="Going Big: To Support Data Center Growth and Rising Renewables, Crusoe Is  Ordering Flexible Gas Turbines | GE Vernova News" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGsw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac6469ac-2f87-4e7a-94e1-9b8e760cc2ec_1280x774.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/articles/going-big-support-data-center-growth-rising-renewables-crusoe-ordering-flexible-gas">gevernova.com</a></p><p>At the Tennessee Valley Authority&#8217;s Johnsonville site, ten new aeroderivative units adding approximately 500&#8211;530 MW entered service in 2025. The machines provide fast-start peaking capacity and system flexibility across the TVA region.</p><p>In Texas, WattBridge and ProEnergy operate one of the world&#8217;s largest fleets of modular LM6000 packages. Multiple facilities in the 200&#8211;400 MW range supply fast-ramping energy to ERCOT, supporting both peak demand and renewable integration. Standardised modular design has allowed rapid sequential construction of additional plants.</p><p>xAI&#8217;s Colossus facilities in the Memphis area relied extensively on temporary mobile natural-gas turbines during 2025 and 2026. Public disclosures associated with the May 2026 filings indicated multi-billion-dollar commitments to gas-turbine capacity, including a substantial mobile component. Subsequent agreements set a target of removing the temporary fleet by July 2027 as a permanent 1.2 GW plant reaches commercial operation. Emission-control upgrades and noise mitigation were added during the interim period. Dynamis packages, including DT70 units ordered with Baker Hughes, have likewise been directed toward large industrial and data-centre loads requiring high power density with minimal site preparation.</p><p>Diesel and hybrid containerised installations continue to underpin data-centre redundancy worldwide. Multi-megawatt paralleled farms with battery buffering remain standard for N+ configurations, providing the final layer of protection when gas packages are offline or fuel supply is interrupted.</p><h3>Challenges and Economics</h3><p>Rapid demand growth has lengthened lead times for aeroderivative turbines and specialised packaging capacity. Permitting for temporary units can prove complex, particularly where local air-quality rules or community concerns over noise and emissions arise, as illustrated by litigation surrounding certain AI campus deployments. Fuel logistics become non-trivial once installed capacity exceeds several hundred megawatts; continuous natural-gas supply or reliable LNG and diesel deliveries must be secured. Capital cost per kilowatt for mobile packages is generally higher than for permanent plant of equivalent efficiency, although the shorter development cycle and residual relocation value offset part of the premium. Operators must also manage the transition from temporary mobility to longer-term or permanent installation once grid connections or purpose-built plant become available.</p><h3>Network Analysis of Parallel Power Islands</h3><p>The surge in behind-the-meter and temporary-mobile fleets around hyperscale AI campuses can be examined through the lens of complex network theory. The regional power system is represented as a graph whose nodes comprise generation assets of differing scale and mobility together with major loads, while edges represent transmission and distribution lines, local interconnects and fuel-logistics pathways.</p><p>Traditional centralised systems concentrate generation in a relatively small number of large plants connected by high-voltage corridors. Those plants and corridors exhibit high betweenness centrality: many shortest paths between other nodes pass through them. Average path lengths are longer, and the algebraic connectivity of the network (the second-smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix) tends to be modest, indicating limited robustness to the removal of critical nodes or edges. Progressive removal of high-centrality nodes, whether by forced outage or planned maintenance, can rapidly shrink the giant connected component (the percolation process).</p><p>Insertion of numerous modular units at data-centre sites alters these metrics. Each cluster of trailer-mounted or modular turbines forms a dense local community tightly linked to its own load. Community-detection algorithms therefore register a measurable rise in modularity score. Betweenness centrality of the traditional large plants and key transmission corridors declines because alternative local paths now exist. Algebraic connectivity within the modular islands rises, improving their ability to remain synchronised under stress. Under progressive node or edge removal the overall network tolerates a higher fraction of failures before the giant component fragments, because the islands can continue to serve their local loads even when external links are lost.</p><p>New vulnerabilities appear in parallel. The fuel-supply sub-network becomes a critical set of edges; correlated shortages of natural gas, LNG or diesel can simultaneously disable many modular islands. The manufacturing and logistics chain for aeroderivative turbines and packagers itself forms a network in which a small number of firms (GE Vernova, Baker Hughes, specialised packagers) occupy high-betweenness positions. Sudden demand spikes produce congestion and extended lead times. Temporary or permit-contingent interconnects between islands and the main grid introduce edges whose reliability is lower than permanent transmission, altering the probability of cascading disconnection under simultaneous AI load spikes.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png" width="1456" height="1481" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1481,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:789213,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209281479?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_cu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fe35ac9-4063-40fd-95ad-82d2450fa7a9_4461x4537.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The diagram shows the traditional high-centrality core, the dense modular islands that raise overall modularity, the limited interconnects that allow limited power exchange, and the fuel and manufacturing nodes that become new points of concentration. </p><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Further increases in hydrogen blend capability, already demonstrated on several platforms, will continue. Hybrid configurations that pair gas or diesel modules with battery storage and on-site renewables are becoming standard for both data-centre and utility applications. Standardisation of mechanical and electrical interfaces will reduce installation times still further. Market design and policy will need to accommodate temporary and relocatable capacity within capacity mechanisms and planning processes if the full flexibility of modular assets is to be realised. In the near term these packages function as the agile bridge layer that allows electricity systems and AI infrastructure operators to absorb rapid demand growth and unexpected shocks while conventional baseload and transmission projects catch up.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Modular mobile gas and diesel generation has moved from a specialised emergency resource to a core element of power-system flexibility. The combination of rapid deployment, discrete scalability and residual relocation value matches the temporal and spatial characteristics of AI-driven load growth and of renewable variability. As the packages themselves improve in efficiency, emissions performance and hydrogen readiness, their role as the responsive layer of electricity infrastructure is likely to expand rather than diminish.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>GE Vernova TM2500 product information and performance data: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/products/gas-turbines/tm2500">https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/products/gas-turbines/tm2500</a></p></li><li><p>GE Vernova TM2500 DLE launch announcement, 31 March 2025: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-launches-tm2500-dle-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-worlds-first-mobile-power">https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-launches-tm2500-dle-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-worlds-first-mobile-power</a></p></li><li><p>GE Vernova Bahamas deployment: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-aero-power-plant-wheels-bring-fast-reliable-power-Bahamas-">https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-aero-power-plant-wheels-bring-fast-reliable-power-Bahamas-</a></p></li><li><p>GE Vernova Switzerland Birr reserve plant: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/swiss-federal-office-of-energy-orders-250-megawatts-of-ge-mobile-power-equipment-for">https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/swiss-federal-office-of-energy-orders-250-megawatts-of-ge-mobile-power-equipment-for</a> </p></li><li><p>Crusoe and GE Vernova 29-unit LM2500XPRESS agreement: <a href="https://www.crusoe.ai/resources/newsroom/ge-vernova-and-crusoe-announce-major-29-unit-gas-turbine-deal">https://www.crusoe.ai/resources/newsroom/ge-vernova-and-crusoe-announce-major-29-unit-gas-turbine-deal</a> and <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/resources/case-studies/crusoe-ai-data-centers-lm2500xpress">https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/resources/case-studies/crusoe-ai-data-centers-lm2500xpress</a></p></li><li><p>Siemens Energy and Eaton modular data-centre partnership, June 2025: <a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/press-releases/eaton-and-siemens-energy-join-forces-to-provide-power-and-techno.html">https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/press-releases/eaton-and-siemens-energy-join-forces-to-provide-power-and-techno.html</a></p></li><li><p>Siemens Energy data-centre solutions: <a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/products-services/solutions-industry/data-center.html">https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/products-services/solutions-industry/data-center.html</a></p></li><li><p>Dynamis Power Solutions and Baker Hughes DT70 order, November 2025: <a href="https://www.bakerhughes.com/company/news/dynamis-power-solutions-awards-baker-hughes-significant-order-gas-turbine-technology">https://www.bakerhughes.com/company/news/dynamis-power-solutions-awards-baker-hughes-significant-order-gas-turbine-technology</a></p></li><li><p>TVA Johnsonville aeroderivative addition: <a href="https://www.power-eng.com/gas/turbines/tva-adds-more-quick-start-aeroderivative-turbines-at-johnsonville-plant/">https://www.power-eng.com/gas/turbines/tva-adds-more-quick-start-aeroderivative-turbines-at-johnsonville-plant/</a> </p></li><li><p>Solar Turbines mobile and Titan packages: <a href="https://www.solarturbines.com/">https://www.solarturbines.com/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Megavatios Móviles]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#243;mo los Generadores Modulares de Gas y Di&#233;sel Est&#225;n Atendiendo la Demanda de IA y Fortaleciendo los Sistemas El&#233;ctricos en 2026]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/megavatios-moviles</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/megavatios-moviles</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 18:17:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 31-julio-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:240893,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209285600?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gzXB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8b39d92-2d77-44eb-94d3-4b191a450b5f_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Los sistemas el&#233;ctricos de las principales econom&#237;as entraron en 2025 bajo presi&#243;n simult&#225;nea desde varias direcciones. Los centros de datos de hiperescala destinados al entrenamiento e inferencia de inteligencia artificial comenzaron a solicitar bloques de potencia medidos en cientos de megavatios por campus. En muchas regiones las colas de interconexi&#243;n permanente a la red se extendieron m&#225;s all&#225; de cinco a&#241;os. La generaci&#243;n renovable variable sigui&#243; creciendo, lo que aument&#243; el valor de la capacidad de respuesta r&#225;pida capaz de estabilizar el suministro en cuesti&#243;n de minutos. Al mismo tiempo, gobiernos y operadores del sistema mantuvieron un enfoque acentuado en la seguridad energ&#233;tica despu&#233;s de las disrupciones de a&#241;os anteriores. Las plantas centralizadas tradicionales de gran tama&#241;o, ya fueran de ciclo combinado a gas o residuales t&#233;rmicas, requieren ciclos de desarrollo de varios a&#241;os, obras civiles extensas y compromisos de capital elevados fijados a una sola ubicaci&#243;n. Frente a ese panorama, los paquetes de generaci&#243;n modular y m&#243;vil, antes considerados principalmente herramientas de respuesta a emergencias o sitios industriales remotos, pasaron a formar parte del n&#250;cleo tanto de la planificaci&#243;n de las empresas el&#233;ctricas como de la inversi&#243;n privada detr&#225;s del medidor.</p><p>Las ventajas pr&#225;cticas son claras. Un paquete aeroderivado montado en remolque puede transportarse por carretera, ensamblarse y sincronizarse en cuesti&#243;n de d&#237;as o semanas en lugar de a&#241;os. La capacidad puede a&#241;adirse en incrementos discretos que se ajustan al crecimiento real de la carga. Las unidades pueden reubicarse m&#225;s adelante cuando entre en servicio una planta permanente o cuando la demanda se desplace. El capital se despliega por etapas en vez de como una &#250;nica inversi&#243;n hundida de gran magnitud. Estas caracter&#237;sticas explican por qu&#233; los pedidos de paquetes m&#243;viles y modulares de turbinas de gas y di&#233;sel se aceleraron de forma pronunciada a lo largo de 2025 y hasta 2026.</p><h3>Panorama Tecnol&#243;gico M&#225;s All&#225; de las Unidades M&#243;viles Cl&#225;sicas</h3><p>Dos plataformas bien conocidas definieron la generaci&#243;n anterior de potencia m&#243;vil. La SGT-A45 TR de Siemens Energy, introducida a finales de la d&#233;cada de 2010, entregaba aproximadamente 41&#8211;44 MW en una configuraci&#243;n aeroderivada montada en remolque. El TM2500 est&#225;ndar de GE, derivado del motor aero LM2500, ofrec&#237;a movilidad y potencia similares en el rango de los 30 MW medios con capacidad de doble combustible. Ambas demostraron ser fiables para servicio temporal y de punta, pero los paquetes m&#225;s recientes han mejorado la eficiencia, reducido el uso de agua, disminuido las emisiones y aumentado la densidad de potencia por remolque.</p><p>El TM2500 DLE de GE Vernova, lanzado a finales de marzo de 2025, representa un avance claro. La unidad produce 34.5 MW netos en condiciones ISO con una eficiencia de ciclo simple del 39.5 por ciento. Opera sin inyecci&#243;n de agua para el control de emisiones, logrando menores emisiones de NOx, CO y part&#237;culas junto con un deslizamiento de metano casi nulo. El paquete funciona con gas natural o combustible l&#237;quido y acepta mezclas de hidr&#243;geno. El arranque hasta carga completa toma cinco minutos. Toda la planta llega en dos remolques y puede instalarse en aproximadamente catorce d&#237;as una vez en el sitio, con plazos totales desde el contrato hasta la puesta en servicio de alrededor de treinta d&#237;as.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GE Vernova launches TM2500* DLE aeroderivative gas turbine, world's first  mobile power generation solution to operate without water | GE Vernova News&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="GE Vernova launches TM2500* DLE aeroderivative gas turbine, world's first  mobile power generation solution to operate without water | GE Vernova News" title="GE Vernova launches TM2500* DLE aeroderivative gas turbine, world's first  mobile power generation solution to operate without water | GE Vernova News" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ct34!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3893eb6-0661-496e-b6da-d8253e3ccc92_3600x2025.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-launches-tm2500-dle-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-worlds-first-mobile-power">gevernova.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg" width="640" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;TM2500 DLE: Mobile power for a demanding world | GE Vernova - YouTube&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="TM2500 DLE: Mobile power for a demanding world | GE Vernova - YouTube" title="TM2500 DLE: Mobile power for a demanding world | GE Vernova - YouTube" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GGe5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1cded91-5fd2-4f17-8ffc-46b90a5a6acc_640x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGW9OA4_72g">youtube.com</a></p><p>El empaquetado de mayor densidad tambi&#233;n ha avanzado. Dynamis Power Solutions, en colaboraci&#243;n con Baker Hughes, ofrece la configuraci&#243;n DT70 basada en el LM9000. Diez de estas unidades pedidas a finales de 2025 entregan 700 MW de capacidad m&#243;vil; cada paquete de 70 MW ocupa cuatro remolques y requiere obras civiles m&#237;nimas. La misma familia incluye las variantes DT35 y relacionadas. Los paquetes LM2500XPRESS de Relevant Power y de la propia GE Vernova reducen a&#250;n m&#225;s el tiempo de ensamblaje en sitio al enviar una mayor proporci&#243;n del balance de planta en m&#243;dulos probados en f&#225;brica.</p><p>Solar Turbines contin&#250;a suministrando paquetes m&#243;viles Titan 350 y de la serie SMT en el rango de los 30 MW medios, valorados por su flexibilidad de combustible y movilizaci&#243;n r&#225;pida en entornos industriales. Rolls-Royce Power Systems introdujo en febrero de 2026 plantas modulares de motores de gas probadas en f&#225;brica. Estas llegan como bloques de 10 MW, 20 MW o 30 MW que pueden combinarse en instalaciones que van desde unos pocos megavatios hasta varios cientos de megavatios. La preparaci&#243;n para hidr&#243;geno est&#225; incorporada desde el inicio, y la ventana objetivo de conexi&#243;n a la red es de doce a dieciocho meses en lugar de los plazos de varios a&#241;os de los proyectos EPC convencionales.</p><p>Siemens Energy, en asociaci&#243;n con Eaton anunciada en junio de 2025, comercializa campus de potencia modulares completos para centros de datos. Una configuraci&#243;n est&#225;ndar suministra 500 MW utilizando grupos de turbinas industriales SGT-800 (45&#8211;62 MW cada una), almacenamiento en bater&#237;as y sistemas de redundancia. El dise&#241;o es escalable, puede operar de forma independiente de la red m&#225;s amplia si es necesario y est&#225; preparado para el funcionamiento futuro con hidr&#243;geno. El tiempo de llegada al mercado se reduce en hasta dos a&#241;os en comparaci&#243;n con el desarrollo de plantas convencionales.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png" width="1456" height="825" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:825,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SGT-800 industrial gas turbine&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" title="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LBkY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d189a4c-13e9-4760-aaac-13738d71dbca_6000x3400.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/home/products-services/product/sgt-800.html">siemens-energy.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SGT-800 industrial gas turbine&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" title="SGT-800 industrial gas turbine" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Hxtn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67e35345-4319-4000-a37d-b24de8a0c8a6_6000x3375.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/home/products-services/product/sgt-800.html">siemens-energy.com</a></p><p>En el lado del di&#233;sel, las granjas contenedorizadas de varios megavatios siguen siendo la base de la energ&#237;a de respaldo de los centros de datos y de sitios remotos. Los paquetes modernos cumplen las normas de emisiones Tier 4 Final o Stage V, incorporan capacidad de doble combustible e integran cada vez m&#225;s el almacenamiento en bater&#237;as para ofrecer redundancia N+1 o N+2 sin interrupciones. La modularidad de tanques inferiores y los dise&#241;os de contenedores apilables simplifican a&#250;n m&#225;s la log&#237;stica.</p><p>Una comparaci&#243;n concisa ilustra los intercambios. El TM2500 DLE ofrece la mayor eficiencia entre las aeroderivadas puramente m&#243;viles y elimina el uso de agua. Los paquetes estilo Dynamis logran la mayor densidad de potencia por metro cuadrado de superficie. Los m&#243;dulos de motores de Rolls-Royce priorizan la estandarizaci&#243;n de f&#225;brica y la preparaci&#243;n para hidr&#243;geno en instalaciones de mediano plazo. Los campus modulares de Siemens enfatizan la redundancia integrada y el soporte de bater&#237;as para cargas de hiperescala. Los contenedores di&#233;sel siguen siendo la opci&#243;n de menor costo y de despliegue m&#225;s r&#225;pido para servicio de respaldo puro, aunque con mayores costos de combustible e intensidad de emisiones en operaci&#243;n continua.</p><h3>Impulsores del Mercado</h3><p>El impulsor dominante en 2025&#8211;2026 ha sido la demanda de electricidad de los centros de datos de IA de hiperescala. Los operadores requieren capacidad firme en plazos que la generaci&#243;n y transmisi&#243;n convencionales no pueden cumplir. Por ello aparecen flotas modulares detr&#225;s del medidor en muchos campus nuevos. Los requisitos de punta de las empresas el&#233;ctricas y de reserva estacional proporcionan un segundo mercado constante, especialmente en sistemas con alta penetraci&#243;n renovable. El refuerzo de renovables, las cargas industriales y mineras remotas, la recuperaci&#243;n ante desastres y el desplazamiento gradual del di&#233;sel puro por paquetes de doble combustible o de gas en mercados emergentes completan el panorama. En cada caso la capacidad de ajustar la potencia de cerca a la carga y de reubicar activos m&#225;s adelante mejora la econom&#237;a de los proyectos.</p><h3>Estudios de Caso 2025&#8211;2026</h3><p>Despliegues concretos ilustran la escala y variedad de aplicaciones. En Suiza la Oficina Federal de Energ&#237;a orden&#243; ocho unidades TM2500 que proporcionan 250 MW de capacidad de reserva temporal. La planta, ubicada en el sitio de fabricaci&#243;n de GE Vernova en Birr, se complet&#243; en veintis&#233;is semanas y est&#225; contratada para operar hasta finales de abril de 2026, cubriendo las puntas de invierno y mejorando la confiabilidad del sistema.</p><p>En las Bahamas, Bahamas Turbines Limited orden&#243; dos paquetes TM2500 a finales de 2024 para la expansi&#243;n temporal de la planta Clifton Piers en Nueva Providencia. Las unidades, esperadas para entregar alrededor de 30&#8211;60 MW seg&#250;n la configuraci&#243;n, apoyan la demanda m&#225;xima de turismo de verano y reducen el riesgo de escasez. Se han citado plazos de instalaci&#243;n de aproximadamente cuarenta y dos d&#237;as para movilizaciones comparables.</p><p>Crusoe Energy, proveedor de infraestructura de IA verticalmente integrada, contrat&#243; a GE Vernova por veintinueve paquetes LM2500XPRESS. El pedido combinado, colocado en dos tramos durante 2024 y 2025, se espera que suministre cerca de 1 GW a los centros de datos de Crusoe, con unidades programadas para operaci&#243;n plena a partir del cuarto trimestre de 2025. Los paquetes llegan en gran medida ensamblados en f&#225;brica y ofrecen capacidad de arranque en cinco minutos junto con flexibilidad de doble combustible.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg" width="1456" height="849" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:849,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GE Vernova and Crusoe announce major 29-unit aeroderivative gas turbine  deal to deliver power to AI data centers | GE Vernova News&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="GE Vernova and Crusoe announce major 29-unit aeroderivative gas turbine  deal to deliver power to AI data centers | GE Vernova News" title="GE Vernova and Crusoe announce major 29-unit aeroderivative gas turbine  deal to deliver power to AI data centers | GE Vernova News" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m2cq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4754470a-c73a-4008-9089-79867365f7da_3600x2099.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-crusoe-announce-major-29-unit-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-deliver-ai-data-centers">gevernova.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg" width="1280" height="774" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:774,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Going Big: To Support Data Center Growth and Rising Renewables, Crusoe Is  Ordering Flexible Gas Turbines | GE Vernova News&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Going Big: To Support Data Center Growth and Rising Renewables, Crusoe Is  Ordering Flexible Gas Turbines | GE Vernova News" title="Going Big: To Support Data Center Growth and Rising Renewables, Crusoe Is  Ordering Flexible Gas Turbines | GE Vernova News" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TLZR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14587253-01e3-46ee-8ab3-b26f97347bac_1280x774.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/articles/going-big-support-data-center-growth-rising-renewables-crusoe-ordering-flexible-gas">gevernova.com</a></p><p>En el sitio Johnsonville de la Tennessee Valley Authority, diez nuevas unidades aeroderivadas que a&#241;aden aproximadamente 500&#8211;530 MW entraron en servicio en 2025. Las m&#225;quinas proporcionan capacidad de punta de arranque r&#225;pido y flexibilidad del sistema en toda la regi&#243;n de TVA.</p><p>En Texas, WattBridge y ProEnergy operan una de las flotas m&#225;s grandes del mundo de paquetes modulares LM6000. M&#250;ltiples instalaciones en el rango de 200&#8211;400 MW suministran energ&#237;a de respuesta r&#225;pida a ERCOT, apoyando tanto la demanda m&#225;xima como la integraci&#243;n de renovables. El dise&#241;o modular estandarizado ha permitido la construcci&#243;n secuencial r&#225;pida de plantas adicionales.</p><p>Las instalaciones Colossus de xAI en el &#225;rea de Memphis dependieron ampliamente de turbinas de gas natural m&#243;viles temporales durante 2025 y 2026. Las divulgaciones p&#250;blicas asociadas a las presentaciones de mayo de 2026 indicaron compromisos multimillonarios en capacidad de turbinas de gas, incluyendo un componente m&#243;vil sustancial. Acuerdos posteriores fijaron el objetivo de retirar la flota temporal para julio de 2027 a medida que una planta permanente de 1.2 GW alcance la operaci&#243;n comercial. Se a&#241;adieron actualizaciones de control de emisiones y mitigaci&#243;n de ruido durante el per&#237;odo intermedio. Los paquetes Dynamis, incluidos los DT70 ordenados con Baker Hughes, se han dirigido asimismo a grandes cargas industriales y de centros de datos que requieren alta densidad de potencia con preparaci&#243;n m&#237;nima del sitio.</p><p>Las instalaciones contenedorizadas de di&#233;sel e h&#237;bridas contin&#250;an respaldando la redundancia de los centros de datos en todo el mundo. Las granjas de varios megavatios en paralelo con amortiguaci&#243;n de bater&#237;as siguen siendo el est&#225;ndar para configuraciones N+, proporcionando la capa final de protecci&#243;n cuando los paquetes de gas est&#225;n fuera de servicio o se interrumpe el suministro de combustible.</p><h3>Desaf&#237;os y Econom&#237;a</h3><p>El r&#225;pido crecimiento de la demanda ha alargado los plazos de entrega de las turbinas aeroderivadas y de la capacidad de empaquetado especializado. La obtenci&#243;n de permisos para unidades temporales puede resultar compleja, en particular cuando surgen normas locales de calidad del aire o preocupaciones comunitarias por el ruido y las emisiones, como ilustra el litigio en torno a ciertos despliegues de campus de IA. La log&#237;stica de combustible se vuelve no trivial una vez que la capacidad instalada supera varios cientos de megavatios; debe asegurarse el suministro continuo de gas natural o entregas fiables de GNL y di&#233;sel. El costo de capital por kilovatio de los paquetes m&#243;viles es generalmente m&#225;s alto que el de una planta permanente de eficiencia equivalente, aunque el ciclo de desarrollo m&#225;s corto y el valor residual de reubicaci&#243;n compensan parte de la prima. Los operadores tambi&#233;n deben gestionar la transici&#243;n de la movilidad temporal a una instalaci&#243;n de m&#225;s largo plazo o permanente una vez que las conexiones a la red o las plantas construidas a prop&#243;sito est&#233;n disponibles.</p><h3>An&#225;lisis de Red de las Islas de Potencia Paralelas</h3><p>El auge de las flotas detr&#225;s del medidor y temporales-m&#243;viles en torno a los campus de IA de hiperescala puede examinarse a trav&#233;s de la lente de la teor&#237;a de redes complejas. El sistema de potencia regional se representa como un grafo cuyos nodos comprenden activos de generaci&#243;n de distinta escala y movilidad junto con cargas mayores, mientras que las aristas representan l&#237;neas de transmisi&#243;n y distribuci&#243;n, interconexiones locales y v&#237;as de log&#237;stica de combustible.</p><p>Los sistemas centralizados tradicionales concentran la generaci&#243;n en un n&#250;mero relativamente peque&#241;o de grandes plantas conectadas por corredores de alta tensi&#243;n. Esas plantas y corredores exhiben alta centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n: muchas de las trayectorias m&#225;s cortas entre otros nodos pasan a trav&#233;s de ellos. Las longitudes medias de trayectoria son mayores y la conectividad algebraica de la red (el segundo autovalor m&#225;s peque&#241;o de la matriz laplaciana) tiende a ser modesta, lo que indica una robustez limitada ante la eliminaci&#243;n de nodos o aristas cr&#237;ticos. La eliminaci&#243;n progresiva de nodos de alta centralidad, ya sea por salida forzada o mantenimiento programado, puede reducir r&#225;pidamente el componente conectado gigante (el proceso de percolaci&#243;n).</p><p>La inserci&#243;n de numerosas unidades modulares en los sitios de centros de datos altera estas m&#233;tricas. Cada grupo de turbinas montadas en remolque o modulares forma una comunidad local densa estrechamente vinculada a su propia carga. Los algoritmos de detecci&#243;n de comunidades registran por tanto un aumento mensurable en la puntuaci&#243;n de modularidad. La centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n de las grandes plantas tradicionales y de los corredores de transmisi&#243;n clave disminuye porque ahora existen trayectorias locales alternativas. La conectividad algebraica dentro de las islas modulares aumenta, mejorando su capacidad de permanecer sincronizadas bajo estr&#233;s. Bajo la eliminaci&#243;n progresiva de nodos o aristas la red en conjunto tolera una fracci&#243;n m&#225;s alta de fallas antes de que el componente gigante se fragmente, porque las islas pueden continuar sirviendo a sus cargas locales incluso cuando se pierden los enlaces externos.</p><p>Aparecen nuevas vulnerabilidades en paralelo. La subred de suministro de combustible se convierte en un conjunto cr&#237;tico de aristas; las escaseces correlacionadas de gas natural, GNL o di&#233;sel pueden desactivar simult&#225;neamente muchas islas modulares. La cadena de fabricaci&#243;n y log&#237;stica de las turbinas aeroderivadas y de los empaquetadores forma a su vez una red en la que un n&#250;mero reducido de empresas (GE Vernova, Baker Hughes, empaquetadores especializados) ocupan posiciones de alta intermediaci&#243;n. Los picos repentinos de demanda producen congesti&#243;n y plazos de entrega prolongados. Las interconexiones temporales o contingentes a permisos entre las islas y la red principal introducen aristas cuya confiabilidad es inferior a la de la transmisi&#243;n permanente, alterando la probabilidad de desconexi&#243;n en cascada bajo picos de carga de IA simult&#225;neos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cHXs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad4c0df9-f229-49b9-91cb-998d0ead951c_4913x4957.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cHXs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad4c0df9-f229-49b9-91cb-998d0ead951c_4913x4957.png 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cHXs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad4c0df9-f229-49b9-91cb-998d0ead951c_4913x4957.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cHXs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad4c0df9-f229-49b9-91cb-998d0ead951c_4913x4957.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cHXs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad4c0df9-f229-49b9-91cb-998d0ead951c_4913x4957.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cHXs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad4c0df9-f229-49b9-91cb-998d0ead951c_4913x4957.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El diagrama muestra el n&#250;cleo tradicional de alta centralidad, las islas modulares densas que elevan la modularidad global, las interconexiones limitadas que permiten un intercambio de potencia restringido, y los nodos de combustible y fabricaci&#243;n que se convierten en nuevos puntos de concentraci&#243;n. </p><h3>Perspectivas</h3><p>Continuar&#225;n los aumentos adicionales en la capacidad de mezcla de hidr&#243;geno, ya demostrada en varias plataformas. Las configuraciones h&#237;bridas que combinan m&#243;dulos de gas o di&#233;sel con almacenamiento en bater&#237;as y renovables en sitio se est&#225;n convirtiendo en est&#225;ndar tanto para aplicaciones de centros de datos como de empresas el&#233;ctricas. La estandarizaci&#243;n de las interfaces mec&#225;nicas y el&#233;ctricas reducir&#225; a&#250;n m&#225;s los tiempos de instalaci&#243;n. El dise&#241;o de mercados y las pol&#237;ticas deber&#225;n acomodar la capacidad temporal y reubicable dentro de los mecanismos de capacidad y los procesos de planificaci&#243;n si se ha de realizar plenamente la flexibilidad de los activos modulares. En el corto plazo estos paquetes funcionan como la capa puente &#225;gil que permite a los sistemas el&#233;ctricos y a los operadores de infraestructura de IA absorber el r&#225;pido crecimiento de la demanda y los choques inesperados mientras los proyectos convencionales de carga base y transmisi&#243;n se ponen al d&#237;a.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n</h3><p>La generaci&#243;n modular m&#243;vil de gas y di&#233;sel ha pasado de ser un recurso especializado de emergencia a un elemento central de la flexibilidad de los sistemas de potencia. La combinaci&#243;n de despliegue r&#225;pido, escalabilidad discreta y valor residual de reubicaci&#243;n se ajusta a las caracter&#237;sticas temporales y espaciales del crecimiento de carga impulsado por la IA y de la variabilidad renovable. A medida que los propios paquetes mejoran en eficiencia, desempe&#241;o de emisiones y preparaci&#243;n para hidr&#243;geno, su papel como la capa receptiva de la infraestructura el&#233;ctrica es probable que se ampl&#237;e en lugar de disminuir.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>Informaci&#243;n de producto y datos de desempe&#241;o del TM2500 de GE Vernova: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/products/gas-turbines/tm2500">https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/products/gas-turbines/tm2500</a></p></li><li><p>Anuncio de lanzamiento del TM2500 DLE de GE Vernova, 31 de marzo de 2025: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-launches-tm2500-dle-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-worlds-first-mobile-power">https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-launches-tm2500-dle-aeroderivative-gas-turbine-worlds-first-mobile-power</a></p></li><li><p>Despliegue de GE Vernova en Bahamas: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-aero-power-plant-wheels-bring-fast-reliable-power-Bahamas-">https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-aero-power-plant-wheels-bring-fast-reliable-power-Bahamas-</a></p></li><li><p>Planta de reserva de GE Vernova en Birr, Suiza: <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/swiss-federal-office-of-energy-orders-250-megawatts-of-ge-mobile-power-equipment-for">https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/swiss-federal-office-of-energy-orders-250-megawatts-of-ge-mobile-power-equipment-for</a> </p></li><li><p>Acuerdo de 29 unidades LM2500XPRESS entre Crusoe y GE Vernova: <a href="https://www.crusoe.ai/resources/newsroom/ge-vernova-and-crusoe-announce-major-29-unit-gas-turbine-deal">https://www.crusoe.ai/resources/newsroom/ge-vernova-and-crusoe-announce-major-29-unit-gas-turbine-deal</a> y <a href="https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/resources/case-studies/crusoe-ai-data-centers-lm2500xpress">https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/resources/case-studies/crusoe-ai-data-centers-lm2500xpress</a></p></li><li><p>Asociaci&#243;n modular de centros de datos entre Siemens Energy y Eaton, junio de 2025: <a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/press-releases/eaton-and-siemens-energy-join-forces-to-provide-power-and-techno.html">https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/press-releases/eaton-and-siemens-energy-join-forces-to-provide-power-and-techno.html</a></p></li><li><p>Soluciones de centros de datos de Siemens Energy: <a href="https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/products-services/solutions-industry/data-center.html">https://www.siemens-energy.com/us/en/home/products-services/solutions-industry/data-center.html</a></p></li><li><p>Pedido DT70 de Dynamis Power Solutions y Baker Hughes, noviembre de 2025: <a href="https://www.bakerhughes.com/company/news/dynamis-power-solutions-awards-baker-hughes-significant-order-gas-turbine-technology">https://www.bakerhughes.com/company/news/dynamis-power-solutions-awards-baker-hughes-significant-order-gas-turbine-technology</a></p></li><li><p>Adici&#243;n aeroderivada de TVA en Johnsonville: <a href="https://www.power-eng.com/gas/turbines/tva-adds-more-quick-start-aeroderivative-turbines-at-johnsonville-plant/">https://www.power-eng.com/gas/turbines/tva-adds-more-quick-start-aeroderivative-turbines-at-johnsonville-plant/</a> </p></li><li><p>Paquetes m&#243;viles y Titan de Solar Turbines: <a href="https://www.solarturbines.com/">https://www.solarturbines.com/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[How Specialised AI Pays for Itself While Cutting Carbon]]></title><description><![CDATA[Recent Study gives Causal Evidence from French Wastewater Treatment Plants]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/how-specialised-ai-pays-for-itself</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/how-specialised-ai-pays-for-itself</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 17:37:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 30-july-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:401860,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209144118?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3xwm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c2fc27e-e30b-4758-b0f6-bb72b7c2b7a3_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Specialised artificial intelligence systems embedded in industrial processes are beginning to deliver measurable reductions in energy use and greenhouse-gas emissions. In French wastewater treatment plants operated by a major global provider, a digital-twin control system has produced precisely this outcome. The evidence, to be described in this post, comes from a <a href="https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f240807.pdf">quasi-experimental study </a>(Abitbol, M., Aghion, P., Antonin, C., Barrage, L. and Lengereau, B. (2026). Green AI in Industry: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from the Water Treatment Sector. NBER Conference Paper / CEPR Discussion Paper DP21576) of staggered deployment and system outages across more than 160 plants. Full AI control reduced electricity consumption by 5.4 per cent, carbon emissions by 6 per cent and energy expenditures by 8.2 per cent, while improving effluent quality. The AI system&#8217;s own electricity demand amounted to less than 1 per cent of the savings, generating strongly negative abatement costs.</p><p>These results stand in contrast to the dominant public discussion of artificial intelligence, which focuses on the electricity demand of large data centres and the training of general-purpose models. Domain-specific process AI operates at a different scale and with a different purpose. It refines existing control systems rather than generating new content, and the operational savings it produces can outweigh its computational footprint by a wide margin.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png" width="1334" height="1080" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1080,&quot;width&quot;:1334,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" title="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://hannahritchie.substack.com/p/ai-electricity-2025">hannahritchie.substack.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png" width="1442" height="892" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:892,&quot;width&quot;:1442,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" title="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://hannahritchie.substack.com/p/ai-electricity-2025">hannahritchie.substack.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png" width="1024" height="593" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:593,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Pierre-B&#233;nite plant benefits from a perfectly controlled wastewater  treatment process&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Pierre-B&#233;nite plant benefits from a perfectly controlled wastewater  treatment process" title="The Pierre-B&#233;nite plant benefits from a perfectly controlled wastewater  treatment process" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LhAx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27423247-1f8e-479c-93ca-488b53237177_1024x593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.stereau.com/en/our-achievements/pierre-benite-rhone/">stereau.com</a></p><h3><strong>The energy burden of aeration</strong></h3><p>Activated-sludge wastewater treatment relies on continuous aeration to supply oxygen for the microorganisms that break down organic matter and convert ammonium into nitrate. In a typical plant the aeration stage accounts for 45 to 60 per cent of total electricity consumption, and in some configurations the share exceeds 70 per cent. Blowers or surface aerators run for long periods under conservative set-points because operators face asymmetric risks: under-aeration can produce non-compliant effluent and regulatory penalties, while over-aeration simply wastes energy.</p><p>Variable inflows, rainfall, temperature and pollutant concentrations make fixed rule-based or proportional-integral-derivative controllers inefficient. Safety margins must be large enough to cover the worst plausible conditions. The result is systematic over-provisioning of oxygen for much of the operating day.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg 848w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:534,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Energy from Wastewater - ASIO&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Energy from Wastewater - ASIO" title="Energy from Wastewater - ASIO" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cgM4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c29139f-9a22-454d-96df-a489109e8a5c_1000x534.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" 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y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.asio.cz/en/energy-from-wastewater">asio.cz</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif" width="960" height="540" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:540,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Aeration Tanks | OSU Energy Efficiency Center | Oregon State University&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Aeration Tanks | OSU Energy Efficiency Center | Oregon State University" title="Aeration Tanks | OSU Energy Efficiency Center | Oregon State University" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OduD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36e24e6c-a57c-47c9-9a35-25f066dba4a8_960x540.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://eec.oregonstate.edu/aeration-tanks">eec.oregonstate.edu</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg" width="1200" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Aeration Tank Blower Selection for ETP &amp; STP | AS Engineers&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Aeration Tank Blower Selection for ETP &amp; STP | AS Engineers" title="Aeration Tank Blower Selection for ETP &amp; STP | AS Engineers" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tluj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F442b2969-97ab-4da8-b163-4d03d02de3aa_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://theasengineers.com/aeration-tank-wastewater-treatment/">theasengineers.com</a></p><h3><strong>How the specialised AI system works</strong></h3><p>The system examined in the study is a predictive digital-twin controller developed by Purecontrol and deployed by Veolia across approximately 200 French plants. It ingests high-frequency data from existing sensors (flow, redox or oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, ammonium), laboratory samples, weather forecasts and electricity price signals. A set of machine-learning models predicts influent loads and process states over a rolling horizon, then calculates the lowest-cost aeration schedule that still satisfies discharge limits.</p><p>The controller does not require new physical sensors in most cases. It reconstitutes virtual probes from existing measurements and issues set-point commands to the plant&#8217;s existing programmable logic controllers. Operators retain ultimate authority; the AI functions as a continuous optimiser that anticipates rather than reacts. Purecontrol reports average reductions of 15 per cent in aerator operating costs and 25 per cent in aeration run-time across its wider installations, figures that are directionally consistent with the more conservative causal estimates obtained in the French quasi-experiment.</p><p>This is narrow, process-embedded intelligence. It is not a large language model. Its computational requirements remain modest, which is central to the net environmental calculation.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png" width="980" height="501" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:501,&quot;width&quot;:980,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Three Phases of a Water Treatment Plant's Digital Journey&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Three Phases of a Water Treatment Plant's Digital Journey" title="The Three Phases of a Water Treatment Plant's Digital Journey" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OJg4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5fb06ab5-874c-4171-b9a5-e7b163f1dca5_980x501.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.pani.global/post/the-three-phases-of-a-water-treatment-plant-s-digital-journey">pani.global</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg" width="1456" height="794" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:794,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How Does SCADA Technology Transform Industrial Operations?&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How Does SCADA Technology Transform Industrial Operations?" title="How Does SCADA Technology Transform Industrial Operations?" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t85q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47d424f2-2143-43ef-9669-6f8aeca2808e_2000x1090.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.intelligentliving.co/scada-technology-industrial-operations/">intelligentliving.co</a></p><h3><strong>Causal evidence from staggered adoption and outages</strong></h3><p>The research design exploits two sources of quasi-experimental variation. First, the AI system was rolled out in successive waves across plants of comparable size and technology. Second, unplanned outages and temporary deactivations returned individual plants to conventional control for periods of time. High-frequency electricity, emissions and process data spanning 2022 to 2025 allow comparison of the same plants under AI and non-AI regimes, as well as comparison with not-yet-treated plants.</p><p>The preferred estimator yields an average cumulative effect under continuous full AI control of a 5.4 per cent reduction in electricity use, a 6 per cent reduction in carbon emissions and an 8.2 per cent reduction in energy expenditures over a ten-week horizon. Installation alone and partial usage produce smaller but still statistically significant gains. Effluent quality improves rather than deteriorates: the odds of meeting ammonium limits rise and concentrations of ammonium and nitrate fall. The combination of lower energy use, lower emissions and better water quality constitutes a clear triple dividend.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg" width="1350" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1350,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Seine-Aval wastewater treatment plant - NGE Corporate&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Seine-Aval wastewater treatment plant - NGE Corporate" title="The Seine-Aval wastewater treatment plant - NGE Corporate" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qq2n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34f7de22-a5b3-420e-b3db-7541cc6418b6_1350x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.nge.fr/en/our-achievements/station-depuration-de-seine-aval/">nge.fr</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png" width="1292" height="699" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:699,&quot;width&quot;:1292,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Industrial civil engineering: NGE selected for large-scale wastewater  treatment plant upgrade in northern France. - NGE Corporate&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Industrial civil engineering: NGE selected for large-scale wastewater  treatment plant upgrade in northern France. - NGE Corporate" title="Industrial civil engineering: NGE selected for large-scale wastewater  treatment plant upgrade in northern France. - NGE Corporate" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aE1T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a8d7ef-f054-4d33-9a8e-175ffdc2ec7b_1292x699.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.nge.fr/en/medias/industrial-civil-engineering-nge-selected-for-large-scale-wastewater-treatment-plant-upgrade-in-northern-france/">nge.fr</a></p><h3><strong>Why the savings occur</strong></h3><p>Three mechanisms drive the results. First, the predictive models reduce the uncertainty that forces operators to maintain large safety margins. With better forecasts of inflows and pollutant loads, the controller can lower average aeration intensity, especially during periods of low load when conventional systems continue to over-aerate. Second, the system responds more effectively to sudden stress: extreme rainfall that drives inflow surges or peaks in ammonium concentration. Third, the controller reallocates electricity consumption from peak-price hours toward off-peak hours, producing larger cost savings than pure energy savings and aligning plant demand with periods of lower grid carbon intensity.</p><p>The underlying economic logic is an asymmetric loss function. The cost of under-aeration is high and discrete (regulatory non-compliance), while the cost of over-aeration is continuous and proportional to energy price. Better information shrinks the variance of the forecast error and therefore shrinks the optimal safety margin.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png" width="1079" height="597" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:597,&quot;width&quot;:1079,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Activated Sludge | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water  management!&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Activated Sludge | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water  management!" title="Activated Sludge | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water  management!" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Q8xg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a3d12a-1e34-4a16-bb18-ba0c7eb32e7e_1079x597.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://sswm.info/taxonomy/term/3808/activated-sludge">sswm.info</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg" width="572" height="349" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:349,&quot;width&quot;:572,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How to manage DO in Activated sludge plants&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How to manage DO in Activated sludge plants" title="How to manage DO in Activated sludge plants" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u24a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c1bbd44-5899-4774-8627-5fd1d6c3bb86_572x349.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.netsolwater.com/how-to-manage-do-in-activated-sludge-plants.php?blog=1301&amp;srsltid=AfmBOor0RtgIH2e6Qz3SSpiLrUpMoRjVwQNh0Yhx60rGSPt0LqzB69TH">netsolwater.com</a></p><h3><strong>Accounting for the AI&#8217;s own footprint</strong></h3><p>A frequent objection is that any energy savings must be netted against the electricity consumed by the AI servers themselves. Metered data show that the additional demand generated by the control models is less than 1 per cent of the operational savings. Even when conservative lifecycle estimates for hardware and deployment are added, the net carbon balance remains strongly positive. The implied abatement cost is approximately &#8211;&#8364;6,300 per tonne of CO&#8322;. In other words, the plants pay less while emitting less.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JoBN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa66249a-1e76-4a74-b965-d9166718803d_1828x1054.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JoBN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa66249a-1e76-4a74-b965-d9166718803d_1828x1054.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JoBN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa66249a-1e76-4a74-b965-d9166718803d_1828x1054.png 848w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa66249a-1e76-4a74-b965-d9166718803d_1828x1054.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:840,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A Guide to Marginal Abatement Cost Curves&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A Guide to Marginal Abatement Cost Curves" title="A Guide to Marginal Abatement Cost Curves" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JoBN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa66249a-1e76-4a74-b965-d9166718803d_1828x1054.png 424w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://inforiver.com/blog/inforiver-analytics-plus/guide-marginal-abatement-curves/">inforiver.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png" width="790" height="578" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:578,&quot;width&quot;:790,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Basic Economics of Carbon Pricing: The Social Cost of Carbon vs. the Abatement  Cost of Carbon &#8211; Econ 101 | An Economic Sense&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Basic Economics of Carbon Pricing: The Social Cost of Carbon vs. the Abatement  Cost of Carbon &#8211; Econ 101 | An Economic Sense" title="The Basic Economics of Carbon Pricing: The Social Cost of Carbon vs. the Abatement  Cost of Carbon &#8211; Econ 101 | An Economic Sense" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_f7S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F525bd785-f7a5-41b6-9310-d20f048a5177_790x578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://aneconomicsense.org/2023/07/02/the-basic-economics-of-carbon-pricing-the-social-cost-of-carbon-vs-the-abatement-cost-of-carbon-econ-101/">aneconomicsense.org</a></p><h3><strong>Resilience under extreme meteorological events</strong></h3><p>The same plants that reduce average energy use also exhibit greater resilience when weather turns extreme. During rainfall events exceeding roughly 30&#8211;35 mm, conventional control produces sharp spikes in electricity demand as operators open the safety margins. AI-equipped plants dampen those spikes and return more quickly to steady-state performance. Similar patterns appear during chemical pollutant peaks.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg" width="1200" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Down The Drain: How Water Journeys Through City Sewers&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Down The Drain: How Water Journeys Through City Sewers" title="Down The Drain: How Water Journeys Through City Sewers" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MzLv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9385c97a-ab48-479c-863d-cbdf9ee50a3e_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.sciencefriday.com/educational-resources/water-journeys-through-city-sewers/">sciencefriday.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Heavy Downpours &amp; Sewage Overflows | Climate Central&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Heavy Downpours &amp; Sewage Overflows | Climate Central" title="Heavy Downpours &amp; Sewage Overflows | Climate Central" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MCMq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F028973a1-36a3-4798-9e14-a3e9fa06ec7d_1920x1080.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/heavy-downpours-sewage-overflows">climatecentral.org</a></p><p>Beyond the scope of the NBER/CEPR document, hese observations invite a network-theoretic interpretation. A wastewater treatment plant sits at the intersection of four interdependent layers:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png" width="1456" height="1366" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1366,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1115987,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209144118?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wsFR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13bbb6b8-0784-44af-88f9-7f60c7b6a571_6103x5725.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>An extreme rainfall event enters the hydrological layer and rapidly increases influent flow. In a conventional plant the biological layer responds by demanding more oxygen; the energy layer experiences a demand surge; and the information layer, limited to reactive rules, amplifies the cascade through large safety margins. The AI controller, sitting in the information layer, receives the same shock signals but combines them with predictive weather and load models. It issues smaller, more precise actuator commands, reducing the amplitude and duration of the energy spike, lowering the criticality of the blowers as a bottleneck, and accelerating return to steady state. The result is higher network robustness and faster recovery under climate extremes.</p><p>This framing draws on the literature on interdependent infrastructure networks and cyber-physical systems. The plant becomes an adaptive node rather than a rigid one, and the system-level value of the technology extends beyond average energy savings to climate-adaptation capacity.</p><h3><strong>Scaling potential and remaining barriers</strong></h3><p>When the estimated emission reductions are embedded in the Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE) model under three diffusion scenarios, the global welfare gains range from hundreds of billions of dollars (wastewater treatment alone) to several trillion dollars if similar control problems in drying, galvanisation and other energy-intensive processes are included. The upper-bound figure of tens of trillions assumes very broad industrial penetration.</p><p>Adoption remains slower than these private returns would suggest. Informational and organisational frictions inside firms, the classic energy-efficiency gap, and the need for reliable data infrastructure and operator training all slow diffusion. Complementary policy that supports measurement, standardisation and skills can accelerate the process.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg" width="940" height="640" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:640,&quot;width&quot;:940,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;La Feyssine wastewater treatment plant WWTP - Degr&#233;mont&#174;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="La Feyssine wastewater treatment plant WWTP - Degr&#233;mont&#174;" title="La Feyssine wastewater treatment plant WWTP - Degr&#233;mont&#174;" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rhwN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff118049f-a636-441a-b496-dedd7f30a160_940x640.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.suezwaterhandbook.com/Case-studies/Wastewater-treatment-Reuse/La-Feyssine-wastewater-treatment-plant-France">suezwaterhandbook.com</a></p><h3><strong>Implications for industrial decarbonisation</strong></h3><p>The French evidence demonstrates that certain forms of specialised industrial AI can deliver simultaneous reductions in energy use, emissions and operating cost while improving process performance. The technology is already operating at scale in one major operator&#8217;s portfolio. Parallel engineering case studies in Germany and elsewhere report comparable or larger percentage reductions in aeration energy, reinforcing the direction of the causal findings.</p><p>The broader lesson is selective rather than universal. General-purpose models that perform large-scale inference for content generation remain energy-intensive. Process-embedded predictive control that optimises existing physical assets can be net-positive for both the climate and the balance sheet. Rigorous causal evaluation of the sort provided by the staggered-rollout design is essential if policy is to distinguish the two categories and accelerate the latter.</p><p>Industrial decarbonisation strategies that ignore these opportunities forgo a class of interventions that pay for themselves. Strategies that systematically identify analogous control problems across energy-intensive sectors stand to capture large welfare gains at low or negative abatement cost.</p><h3><strong>Sources</strong></h3><ul><li><p>Abitbol, M., Aghion, P., Antonin, C., Barrage, L. and Lengereau, B. (2026). Green AI in Industry: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from the Water Treatment Sector. NBER Conference Paper / CEPR Discussion Paper DP21576. <a href="https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f240807.pdf">https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f240807.pdf</a> ; <a href="https://cepr.org/publications/dp21576">https://cepr.org/publications/dp21576</a></p></li><li><p>Aghion, P. et al. (2026). Presentation on Green AI and Veolia&#8211;Purecontrol deployment. Institut Veolia. <a href="https://www.institut.veolia.org/sites/g/files/dvc2551/files/document/2026/04/P1A1.%20Philippe%20Aghion_2603.pdf">https://www.institut.veolia.org/sites/g/files/dvc2551/files/document/2026/04/P1A1.%20Philippe%20Aghion_2603.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Purecontrol (n.d.). Energy Optimisation of Wastewater Treatment by AI. <a href="https://www.purecontrol.com/en/applications/wastewater">https://www.purecontrol.com/en/applications/wastewater</a></p></li><li><p>Purecontrol (n.d.). Rennes M&#233;tropole case study. <a href="https://www.purecontrol.com/en/etudes-de-cas/rennes-metropole-and-purecontrol-a-partnership-to-reduce-the-impact-of-wastewater-treatment">https://www.purecontrol.com/en/etudes-de-cas/rennes-metropole-and-purecontrol-a-partnership-to-reduce-the-impact-of-wastewater-treatment</a></p></li><li><p>Xylem (2021). Wastewater treatment plant uses AI to reduce aeration energy use by 30 percent. <a href="https://www.xylem.com/en-us/making-waves/water-utilities-news/wastewater-treatment-plant-uses-ai-to-reduce-aeration-energy-use-by-30-percent/">https://www.xylem.com/en-us/making-waves/water-utilities-news/wastewater-treatment-plant-uses-ai-to-reduce-aeration-energy-use-by-30-percent/</a></p></li><li><p>Rockwell Automation (n.d.). How AI Boosts Energy Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment. <a href="https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/company/news/the-journal/how-ai-boosts-energy-efficiency-in-wastewater-treatment.html">https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/company/news/the-journal/how-ai-boosts-energy-efficiency-in-wastewater-treatment.html</a></p></li><li><p>Mathias Abitbol research page. <a href="https://mathias-abitbol.github.io/research.html">https://mathias-abitbol.github.io/research.html</a></p></li></ul><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cómo la IA especializada se paga sola mientras reduce el carbono]]></title><description><![CDATA[Reciente estudio con evidencia causal de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Francia]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/como-la-ia-especializada-se-paga</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/como-la-ia-especializada-se-paga</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 17:36:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 30-julio-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:271899,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209144131?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!brLL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d8418d2-80b0-4b7b-9b76-f120f99e01bc_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Los sistemas de inteligencia artificial especializada integrados en procesos industriales est&#225;n empezando a generar reducciones medibles en el uso de energ&#237;a y en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales francesas operadas por un proveedor global importante, un sistema de control basado en gemelo digital ha producido exactamente este resultado. La evidencia, a describirse en este blog, proviene de un<a href="https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f240807.pdf"> estudio cuasi-experimental </a>(Abitbol, M., Aghion, P., Antonin, C., Barrage, L. and Lengereau, B. (2026). Green AI in Industry: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from the Water Treatment Sector. NBER Conference Paper / CEPR Discussion Paper DP21576) sobre el despliegue escalonado y las interrupciones del sistema en m&#225;s de 160 plantas. El control total con IA redujo el consumo de electricidad en un 5.4 por ciento, las emisiones de carbono en un 6 por ciento y los gastos energ&#233;ticos en un 8.2 por ciento, al tiempo que mejor&#243; la calidad del efluente. La demanda el&#233;ctrica del propio sistema de IA represent&#243; menos del 1 por ciento de los ahorros, lo que gener&#243; costos de abatimiento fuertemente negativos.</p><p>Estos resultados contrastan con la discusi&#243;n p&#250;blica dominante sobre la inteligencia artificial, centrada en la demanda el&#233;ctrica de los grandes centros de datos y en el entrenamiento de modelos de prop&#243;sito general. La IA de proceso de dominio espec&#237;fico opera a una escala y con un prop&#243;sito distintos. Refina los sistemas de control existentes en lugar de generar contenido nuevo, y los ahorros operativos que produce pueden superar ampliamente su huella computacional.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png" width="1334" height="1080" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1080,&quot;width&quot;:1334,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" title="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8hI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8105c507-ac53-4870-8c02-343ef3e587b0_1334x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://hannahritchie.substack.com/p/ai-electricity-2025">hannahritchie.substack.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png" width="1442" height="892" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:892,&quot;width&quot;:1442,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" title="How much electricity does AI consume? [2025 summary]" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s-dA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccfa8995-73e7-4b85-bedc-601332991d8d_1442x892.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://hannahritchie.substack.com/p/ai-electricity-2025">hannahritchie.substack.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png" width="1024" height="593" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:593,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Pierre-B&#233;nite plant benefits from a perfectly controlled wastewater  treatment process&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Pierre-B&#233;nite plant benefits from a perfectly controlled wastewater  treatment process" title="The Pierre-B&#233;nite plant benefits from a perfectly controlled wastewater  treatment process" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AJRL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16cc5f99-0c54-4135-90d4-bb524bee8485_1024x593.png 1272w, 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15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.stereau.com/en/our-achievements/pierre-benite-rhone/">stereau.com</a></p><h3><strong>La carga energ&#233;tica de la aireaci&#243;n</strong></h3><p>El tratamiento de aguas residuales por lodos activados depende de la aireaci&#243;n continua para suministrar ox&#237;geno a los microorganismos que descomponen la materia org&#225;nica y convierten el amonio en nitrato. En una planta t&#237;pica, la etapa de aireaci&#243;n representa entre el 45 y el 60 por ciento del consumo total de electricidad, y en algunas configuraciones la proporci&#243;n supera el 70 por ciento. Los sopladores o aireadores de superficie funcionan durante largos periodos con puntos de consigna conservadores porque los operadores enfrentan riesgos asim&#233;tricos: la subaireaci&#243;n puede producir un efluente no conforme y sanciones regulatorias, mientras que la sobreaireaci&#243;n simplemente desperdicia energ&#237;a.</p><p>Los caudales variables, la lluvia, la temperatura y las concentraciones de contaminantes hacen que los controladores fijos basados en reglas o de tipo proporcional-integral-derivativo sean ineficientes. Los m&#225;rgenes de seguridad deben ser lo suficientemente amplios para cubrir las peores condiciones plausibles. El resultado es un sobreaprovisionamiento sistem&#225;tico de ox&#237;geno durante gran parte del d&#237;a de operaci&#243;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVeg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F078fa33e-d619-45ae-86ec-b7a8cc904a71_1000x534.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVeg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F078fa33e-d619-45ae-86ec-b7a8cc904a71_1000x534.jpeg 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/078fa33e-d619-45ae-86ec-b7a8cc904a71_1000x534.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:534,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Energy from Wastewater - ASIO&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Energy from Wastewater - ASIO" title="Energy from Wastewater - ASIO" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVeg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F078fa33e-d619-45ae-86ec-b7a8cc904a71_1000x534.jpeg 424w, 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AS Engineers" title="Aeration Tank Blower Selection for ETP &amp; STP | AS Engineers" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X7S9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4cf0293-447d-468e-94dd-6e265bd3825b_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X7S9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4cf0293-447d-468e-94dd-6e265bd3825b_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X7S9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4cf0293-447d-468e-94dd-6e265bd3825b_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, 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11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://theasengineers.com/aeration-tank-wastewater-treatment/">theasengineers.com</a></p><h3><strong>C&#243;mo funciona el sistema de IA especializada</strong></h3><p>El sistema analizado en el estudio es un controlador predictivo de gemelo digital desarrollado por Purecontrol y desplegado por Veolia en aproximadamente 200 plantas francesas. Incorpora datos de alta frecuencia procedentes de sensores existentes (caudal, potencial de oxidaci&#243;n-reducci&#243;n o redox, ox&#237;geno disuelto, amonio), muestras de laboratorio, pron&#243;sticos meteorol&#243;gicos y se&#241;ales de precios de la electricidad. Un conjunto de modelos de aprendizaje autom&#225;tico predice las cargas de influente y los estados del proceso en un horizonte m&#243;vil, y luego calcula el programa de aireaci&#243;n de menor costo que sigue cumpliendo los l&#237;mites de descarga.</p><p>El controlador no requiere nuevos sensores f&#237;sicos en la mayor&#237;a de los casos. Reconstituye sondas virtuales a partir de las mediciones existentes y emite comandos de punto de consigna a los controladores l&#243;gicos programables ya instalados en la planta. Los operadores conservan la autoridad final; la IA funciona como un optimizador continuo que anticipa en lugar de reaccionar. Purecontrol reporta reducciones promedio del 15 por ciento en los costos de operaci&#243;n de los aireadores y del 25 por ciento en el tiempo de funcionamiento de la aireaci&#243;n en sus instalaciones m&#225;s amplias, cifras que son direccionalmente consistentes con las estimaciones causales m&#225;s conservadoras obtenidas en el cuasi-experimento franc&#233;s.</p><p>Se trata de una inteligencia estrecha, integrada en el proceso. No es un modelo de lenguaje de gran escala. Sus requisitos computacionales siguen siendo modestos, lo cual es central para el c&#225;lculo ambiental neto.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png" width="980" height="501" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:501,&quot;width&quot;:980,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Three Phases of a Water Treatment Plant's Digital Journey&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Three Phases of a Water Treatment Plant's Digital Journey" title="The Three Phases of a Water Treatment Plant's Digital Journey" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rJun!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fd2ea5e-3af8-4c3d-a8cd-7831f50db26e_980x501.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.pani.global/post/the-three-phases-of-a-water-treatment-plant-s-digital-journey">pani.global</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg" width="1456" height="794" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:794,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How Does SCADA Technology Transform Industrial Operations?&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How Does SCADA Technology Transform Industrial Operations?" title="How Does SCADA Technology Transform Industrial Operations?" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!df32!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F008e4116-f4f0-4721-a9b8-186b7f3cac44_2000x1090.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.intelligentliving.co/scada-technology-industrial-operations/">intelligentliving.co</a></p><h3><strong>Evidencia causal del despliegue escalonado y las interrupciones</strong></h3><p>El dise&#241;o de la investigaci&#243;n aprovecha dos fuentes de variaci&#243;n cuasi-experimental. En primer lugar, el sistema de IA se implement&#243; en oleadas sucesivas en plantas de tama&#241;o y tecnolog&#237;a comparables. En segundo lugar, las interrupciones no planificadas y las desactivaciones temporales devolvieron plantas individuales al control convencional durante periodos de tiempo. Los datos de alta frecuencia sobre electricidad, emisiones y procesos, que abarcan de 2022 a 2025, permiten comparar las mismas plantas bajo reg&#237;menes con IA y sin IA, as&#237; como compararlas con plantas a&#250;n no tratadas.</p><p>El estimador preferido produce un efecto acumulativo promedio bajo control total continuo de IA de una reducci&#243;n del 5.4 por ciento en el uso de electricidad, del 6 por ciento en las emisiones de carbono y del 8.2 por ciento en los gastos energ&#233;ticos en un horizonte de diez semanas. La sola instalaci&#243;n y el uso parcial generan ganancias menores pero a&#250;n estad&#237;sticamente significativas. La calidad del efluente mejora en lugar de deteriorarse: aumentan las probabilidades de cumplir los l&#237;mites de amonio y disminuyen las concentraciones de amonio y nitrato. La combinaci&#243;n de menor uso de energ&#237;a, menores emisiones y mejor calidad del agua constituye un claro triple dividendo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg" width="1350" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1350,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Seine-Aval wastewater treatment plant - NGE Corporate&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Seine-Aval wastewater treatment plant - NGE Corporate" title="The Seine-Aval wastewater treatment plant - NGE Corporate" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F73b77e9b-c87a-44bf-925e-f1b1d86d9a92_1350x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.nge.fr/en/our-achievements/station-depuration-de-seine-aval/">nge.fr</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iatw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iatw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iatw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iatw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iatw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iatw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png" width="1292" height="699" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0281aff9-1239-4aaa-9dfd-5896d4dba5ce_1292x699.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:699,&quot;width&quot;:1292,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Industrial civil engineering: NGE selected for large-scale wastewater  treatment plant upgrade in northern France. - 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En primer lugar, los modelos predictivos reducen la incertidumbre que obliga a los operadores a mantener amplios m&#225;rgenes de seguridad. Con mejores pron&#243;sticos de caudales y cargas de contaminantes, el controlador puede disminuir la intensidad promedio de aireaci&#243;n, especialmente durante periodos de baja carga cuando los sistemas convencionales contin&#250;an sobreaireando. En segundo lugar, el sistema responde de manera m&#225;s efectiva al estr&#233;s repentino: lluvias extremas que generan picos de influente o picos de concentraci&#243;n de amonio. En tercer lugar, el controlador redistribuye el consumo de electricidad desde las horas de precio pico hacia las horas valle, lo que produce ahorros de costos mayores que los meros ahorros de energ&#237;a y alinea la demanda de la planta con periodos de menor intensidad de carbono de la red.</p><p>La l&#243;gica econ&#243;mica subyacente es una funci&#243;n de p&#233;rdida asim&#233;trica. El costo de la subaireaci&#243;n es alto y discreto (incumplimiento regulatorio), mientras que el costo de la sobreaireaci&#243;n es continuo y proporcional al precio de la energ&#237;a. Una mejor informaci&#243;n reduce la varianza del error de pron&#243;stico y, por tanto, reduce el margen de seguridad &#243;ptimo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_2lm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee8c1906-8596-477e-92f7-6dbf82d2f7f3_1079x597.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_2lm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee8c1906-8596-477e-92f7-6dbf82d2f7f3_1079x597.png 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg" width="572" height="349" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:349,&quot;width&quot;:572,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;How to manage DO in Activated sludge plants&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="How to manage DO in Activated sludge plants" title="How to manage DO in Activated sludge plants" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V63G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb17396ae-f2a7-485c-aa05-0768d73bc902_572x349.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.netsolwater.com/how-to-manage-do-in-activated-sludge-plants.php?blog=1301&amp;srsltid=AfmBOor0RtgIH2e6Qz3SSpiLrUpMoRjVwQNh0Yhx60rGSPt0LqzB69TH">netsolwater.com</a></p><h3><strong>Contabilizaci&#243;n de la huella propia de la IA</strong></h3><p>Una objeci&#243;n frecuente es que cualquier ahorro de energ&#237;a debe descontarse del consumo el&#233;ctrico de los servidores de la propia IA. Los datos medidos muestran que la demanda adicional generada por los modelos de control es inferior al 1 por ciento de los ahorros operativos. Incluso cuando se a&#241;aden estimaciones conservadoras del ciclo de vida del hardware y del despliegue, el balance neto de carbono permanece fuertemente positivo. El costo de abatimiento impl&#237;cito es de aproximadamente &#8211;6,300 euros por tonelada de CO&#8322;. En otras palabras, las plantas pagan menos mientras emiten menos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png" width="1456" height="840" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:840,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A Guide to Marginal Abatement Cost Curves&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A Guide to Marginal Abatement Cost Curves" title="A Guide to Marginal Abatement Cost Curves" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YRl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F185ef3c3-a17b-4618-98d6-2f3482eb72c3_1828x1054.png 424w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://inforiver.com/blog/inforiver-analytics-plus/guide-marginal-abatement-curves/">inforiver.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png" width="790" height="578" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:578,&quot;width&quot;:790,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Basic Economics of Carbon Pricing: The Social Cost of Carbon vs. the Abatement  Cost of Carbon &#8211; Econ 101 | An Economic Sense&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Basic Economics of Carbon Pricing: The Social Cost of Carbon vs. the Abatement  Cost of Carbon &#8211; Econ 101 | An Economic Sense" title="The Basic Economics of Carbon Pricing: The Social Cost of Carbon vs. the Abatement  Cost of Carbon &#8211; Econ 101 | An Economic Sense" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kfe2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b2393e0-d9ba-42ab-a433-d0388f4ce3c9_790x578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://aneconomicsense.org/2023/07/02/the-basic-economics-of-carbon-pricing-the-social-cost-of-carbon-vs-the-abatement-cost-of-carbon-econ-101/">aneconomicsense.org</a></p><h3><strong>Resiliencia ante eventos meteorol&#243;gicos extremos</strong></h3><p>Las mismas plantas que reducen el uso promedio de energ&#237;a tambi&#233;n muestran mayor resiliencia cuando el clima se vuelve extremo. Durante eventos de lluvia que superan aproximadamente los 30-35 mm, el control convencional produce picos pronunciados en la demanda el&#233;ctrica a medida que los operadores abren los m&#225;rgenes de seguridad. Las plantas equipadas con IA amortiguan esos picos y regresan m&#225;s r&#225;pidamente al rendimiento en estado estacionario. Patrones similares aparecen durante picos de contaminantes qu&#237;micos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg 848w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Down The Drain: How Water Journeys Through City Sewers&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Down The Drain: How Water Journeys Through City Sewers" title="Down The Drain: How Water Journeys Through City Sewers" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5oeC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d5c877f-f8f8-4157-8464-471eccb4998b_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.sciencefriday.com/educational-resources/water-journeys-through-city-sewers/">sciencefriday.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Heavy Downpours &amp; Sewage Overflows | Climate Central&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Heavy Downpours &amp; Sewage Overflows | Climate Central" title="Heavy Downpours &amp; Sewage Overflows | Climate Central" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FLgR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a2ac33c-98f4-49ef-b9cd-4e2085aff252_1920x1080.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/heavy-downpours-sewage-overflows">climatecentral.org</a></p><p>Aparte del art&#237;culo publicado en NBER/CEPR, estas observaciones invitan a una interpretaci&#243;n desde la teor&#237;a de redes. Una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales se sit&#250;a en la intersecci&#243;n de cuatro capas interdependientes:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png" width="1456" height="1326" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1326,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1288849,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/209144131?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGSY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46d8c983-3601-4434-8f55-dcb81d84295b_6745x6145.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Un evento de lluvia extrema entra en la capa hidrol&#243;gica y aumenta r&#225;pidamente el caudal de influente. En una planta convencional la capa biol&#243;gica responde demandando m&#225;s ox&#237;geno; la capa energ&#233;tica experimenta un pico de demanda; y la capa de informaci&#243;n, limitada a reglas reactivas, amplifica la cascada a trav&#233;s de amplios m&#225;rgenes de seguridad. El controlador de IA, situado en la capa de informaci&#243;n, recibe las mismas se&#241;ales de choque pero las combina con modelos predictivos de clima y de carga. Emite comandos de actuador m&#225;s peque&#241;os y precisos, reduciendo la amplitud y la duraci&#243;n del pico energ&#233;tico, disminuyendo la criticidad de los sopladores como cuello de botella y acelerando el retorno al estado estacionario. El resultado es una mayor robustez de la red y una recuperaci&#243;n m&#225;s r&#225;pida ante extremos clim&#225;ticos.</p><p>Este marco se apoya en la literatura sobre redes de infraestructura interdependientes y sistemas ciberf&#237;sicos. La planta se convierte en un nodo adaptativo en lugar de uno r&#237;gido, y el valor sist&#233;mico de la tecnolog&#237;a se extiende m&#225;s all&#225; de los ahorros energ&#233;ticos promedio hacia la capacidad de adaptaci&#243;n clim&#225;tica.</p><h3><strong>Potencial de escalamiento y barreras restantes</strong></h3><p>Cuando las reducciones de emisiones estimadas se incorporan al modelo Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE) bajo tres escenarios de difusi&#243;n, las ganancias de bienestar global oscilan entre cientos de miles de millones de d&#243;lares (solo tratamiento de aguas residuales) y varios billones de d&#243;lares si se incluyen problemas de control similares en secado, galvanizaci&#243;n y otros procesos intensivos en energ&#237;a. La cifra del l&#237;mite superior de decenas de billones asume una penetraci&#243;n industrial muy amplia.</p><p>La adopci&#243;n sigue siendo m&#225;s lenta de lo que sugerir&#237;an estos retornos privados. Las fricciones informativas y organizacionales dentro de las empresas, la cl&#225;sica brecha de eficiencia energ&#233;tica y la necesidad de infraestructura de datos confiable y de capacitaci&#243;n de operadores ralentizan la difusi&#243;n. Pol&#237;ticas complementarias que apoyen la medici&#243;n, la estandarizaci&#243;n y las habilidades pueden acelerar el proceso.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg" width="940" height="640" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:640,&quot;width&quot;:940,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;La Feyssine wastewater treatment plant WWTP - Degr&#233;mont&#174;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="La Feyssine wastewater treatment plant WWTP - Degr&#233;mont&#174;" title="La Feyssine wastewater treatment plant WWTP - Degr&#233;mont&#174;" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZiXl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd22cc9a5-43f8-4357-8395-529cf3600b86_940x640.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.suezwaterhandbook.com/Case-studies/Wastewater-treatment-Reuse/La-Feyssine-wastewater-treatment-plant-France">suezwaterhandbook.com</a></p><h3><strong>Implicaciones para la descarbonizaci&#243;n industrial</strong></h3><p>La evidencia francesa demuestra que ciertas formas de IA industrial especializada pueden generar reducciones simult&#225;neas en el uso de energ&#237;a, las emisiones y el costo operativo, al tiempo que mejoran el rendimiento del proceso. La tecnolog&#237;a ya opera a escala en la cartera de un operador importante. Estudios de caso de ingenier&#237;a paralelos en Alemania y en otros lugares reportan reducciones porcentuales comparables o mayores en la energ&#237;a de aireaci&#243;n, lo que refuerza la direcci&#243;n de los hallazgos causales.</p><p>La lecci&#243;n m&#225;s amplia es selectiva y no universal. Los modelos de prop&#243;sito general que realizan inferencia a gran escala para la generaci&#243;n de contenido siguen siendo intensivos en energ&#237;a. El control predictivo integrado en el proceso que optimiza activos f&#237;sicos existentes puede ser neto positivo tanto para el clima como para el balance financiero. La evaluaci&#243;n causal rigurosa del tipo proporcionado por el dise&#241;o de despliegue escalonado es esencial si la pol&#237;tica ha de distinguir entre ambas categor&#237;as y acelerar la &#250;ltima.</p><p>Las estrategias de descarbonizaci&#243;n industrial que ignoran estas oportunidades renuncian a una clase de intervenciones que se pagan solas. Las estrategias que identifican sistem&#225;ticamente problemas de control an&#225;logos en sectores intensivos en energ&#237;a tienen el potencial de capturar grandes ganancias de bienestar a un costo de abatimiento bajo o negativo.</p><h3><strong>Fuentes</strong></h3><ul><li><p>Abitbol, M., Aghion, P., Antonin, C., Barrage, L. y Lengereau, B. (2026). Green AI in Industry: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from the Water Treatment Sector. NBER Conference Paper / CEPR Discussion Paper DP21576. <a href="https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f240807.pdf">https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f240807.pdf</a> ; <a href="https://cepr.org/publications/dp21576">https://cepr.org/publications/dp21576</a></p></li><li><p>Aghion, P. et al. (2026). Presentaci&#243;n sobre Green AI y el despliegue Veolia&#8211;Purecontrol. Institut Veolia. <a href="https://www.institut.veolia.org/sites/g/files/dvc2551/files/document/2026/04/P1A1.%20Philippe%20Aghion_2603.pdf">https://www.institut.veolia.org/sites/g/files/dvc2551/files/document/2026/04/P1A1.%20Philippe%20Aghion_2603.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Purecontrol (s.f.). Optimizaci&#243;n energ&#233;tica del tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante IA. <a href="https://www.purecontrol.com/en/applications/wastewater">https://www.purecontrol.com/en/applications/wastewater</a></p></li><li><p>Purecontrol (s.f.). Caso de estudio Rennes M&#233;tropole. <a href="https://www.purecontrol.com/en/etudes-de-cas/rennes-metropole-and-purecontrol-a-partnership-to-reduce-the-impact-of-wastewater-treatment">https://www.purecontrol.com/en/etudes-de-cas/rennes-metropole-and-purecontrol-a-partnership-to-reduce-the-impact-of-wastewater-treatment</a></p></li><li><p>Xylem (2021). Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales utiliza IA para reducir el uso de energ&#237;a de aireaci&#243;n en un 30 por ciento. <a href="https://www.xylem.com/en-us/making-waves/water-utilities-news/wastewater-treatment-plant-uses-ai-to-reduce-aeration-energy-use-by-30-percent/">https://www.xylem.com/en-us/making-waves/water-utilities-news/wastewater-treatment-plant-uses-ai-to-reduce-aeration-energy-use-by-30-percent/</a></p></li><li><p>Rockwell Automation (s.f.). C&#243;mo la IA mejora la eficiencia energ&#233;tica en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. <a href="https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/company/news/the-journal/how-ai-boosts-energy-efficiency-in-wastewater-treatment.html">https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/company/news/the-journal/how-ai-boosts-energy-efficiency-in-wastewater-treatment.html</a></p></li><li><p>P&#225;gina de investigaci&#243;n de Mathias Abitbol. <a href="https://mathias-abitbol.github.io/research.html">https://mathias-abitbol.github.io/research.html</a></p></li></ul><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Power Through the Window]]></title><description><![CDATA[Will Semi-Transparent Solar Technology Turn Windows and Greenhouses into Energy Assets?]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/power-through-the-window</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/power-through-the-window</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:58:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 29-july-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:357431,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208995325?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wWfW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50de5ee9-b1f5-43d0-af08-90d426c74b2c_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>On March 2026, researchers led by Gda&#324;sk University of Technology in Poland announced a semi-transparent perovskite solar cell that reached a champion power conversion efficiency of 21.87 per cent. When stacked in a four-terminal tandem configuration with a commercial crystalline-silicon cell, the combined device delivered 27.15 per cent. The result, published in <em>Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications</em> and reported in July by <em>pv magazine</em>, rests on a practical manufacturing solution: a solution-processed tin-oxide buffer layer that shields the delicate perovskite stack during the sputtering of a transparent rear electrode. The devices also showed notable operational stability, retaining 80 per cent of initial performance after 1,600 hours of continuous light soaking and continuing to function for more than 4,000 hours under outdoor test conditions.</p><p>This laboratory advance arrives at a moment when the built environment and agricultural systems face mounting pressure to generate electricity on site. Buildings account for roughly 30 per cent of global final energy consumption. In dense cities the available rooftop area is limited, while glass fa&#231;ades and atria present vast vertical surfaces that have traditionally remained passive. At the same time, net-zero building codes, rising land costs and the need for dual-use land in agriculture create demand for photovoltaic materials that preserve transparency, daylighting and visual quality. Semi-transparent and transparent solar technologies respond directly to these constraints by converting glass itself into a distributed generator.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg" width="1280" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent" title="Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jDWc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed9dfea1-2f9d-4c97-a70f-f6f103d138dc_1280x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://techxplore.com/news/2026-07-solar-windows-harvest-indoor-sunlight.html">techxplore.com</a></p><h3>The Polish 21.87 per cent Milestone</h3><p>The Gda&#324;sk team, working with colleagues from the Polish Academy of Sciences and Ming Chi University of Technology in Taiwan, fabricated p&#8211;i&#8211;n architecture cells on glass/ITO substrates. A poly(triarylamine) hole-transport layer, perovskite absorber, PCBM electron-transport layer, solution-processed SnO&#8322; buffer and sputtered rear ITO electrode formed the stack. Four commercial tin-oxide formulations were screened; the N31 variant performed best. Rear-ITO thickness was optimised at 300 nm. The buffer layer protects the underlying films during room-temperature DC magnetron sputtering, a step that previously damaged the perovskite.</p><p>Corresponding author Damian Glowienka emphasised that the work combined electrode and buffer optimisation with optical and electrical loss analysis, tandem integration and long-term stability testing under both indoor and outdoor ISOS protocols. The perovskite bandgap used in the study is not yet ideal for tandem operation; a wider-bandgap absorber would transmit more low-energy photons to the silicon bottom cell and raise overall efficiency further. Series resistance and parasitic infrared absorption in the transparent electrodes remain the principal remaining limitations.</p><p>The publication and its rapid dissemination through specialist media illustrate how a single process innovation can lower a critical manufacturing barrier and accelerate the movement of laboratory cells toward commercially relevant modules.</p><h3>What Transparent and Semi-Transparent Solar Panels  Are</h3><p>Transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaics encompass several distinct approaches. Wavelength-selective devices absorb ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation while transmitting the majority of the visible spectrum, producing a nearly colourless window. Ultra-thin absorbers reduce optical density so that a portion of visible light passes through. Micro-patterned or spatially segmented cells place narrow stripes of active material between transparent gaps, controlling the average visible transmittance by geometry rather than by thinning the absorber. Luminescent solar concentrators employ dyes or quantum dots that absorb and re-emit light toward edge-mounted cells. Thin-film platforms based on perovskites, organic semiconductors or copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) can be engineered for any of these strategies.</p><p>Performance is assessed by four complementary metrics. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) quantifies electrical output under standard illumination. Average visible transmittance (AVT) measures the fraction of the visible spectrum that passes through the device. Light-utilisation efficiency (LUE or FoMLUE) multiplies PCE by AVT and thereby captures the joint figure of merit. Colour-rendering index (CRI) indicates how faithfully the transmitted light reveals object colours; values above 90 are generally required for comfortable indoor environments.</p><h3>Recent Advances and the Efficiency&#8211;Transparency Trade-off</h3><p>Perovskite cells currently lead the efficiency race among semi-transparent technologies. Earlier laboratory records clustered between 15 and 20 per cent; the 21.87 per cent Polish result sits among the highest reported for devices intended for tandem use. Organic solar cells have posted light-utilisation efficiencies exceeding 6 per cent in carefully optimised ternary blends. Micro-striped CIGS devices have demonstrated average visible transmittance above 50 per cent while maintaining a colour-rendering index greater than 99. Transparent tandem combinations of perovskite and organic layers have reached 12.3 per cent efficiency at 30 per cent transparency.</p><p>Theoretical limits follow from the Shockley&#8211;Queisser framework. When a substantial fraction of the visible spectrum is deliberately transmitted, the maximum single-junction efficiency falls and the optimal bandgap shifts. Practical devices incur additional losses from recombination, parasitic absorption in electrodes and series resistance. Stability has historically lagged behind initial efficiency, particularly for perovskites exposed to moisture, heat and continuous illumination. The Polish devices&#8217; outdoor performance of more than 4,000 hours marks progress in closing that gap through encapsulation and interface engineering.</p><h3>Strategic Importance for Energy Systems and Urban Form</h3><p>High window-to-wall-ratio buildings and dense urban fabric leave limited roof area for conventional panels. Semi-transparent photovoltaics turn those vertical and overhead glass surfaces into generators while preserving daylight and architectural intent. On-site generation reduces transmission losses and contributes to grid resilience through distributed resources. Dual-use applications in greenhouses allow electricity production alongside crop growth, easing competition for land. Aesthetic compatibility supports adoption in heritage contexts and high-value commercial fa&#231;ades where visible conventional modules would be rejected. These attributes align with net-zero building standards and the broader shift toward electrified, low-carbon urban systems.</p><h3>Applications and Real-World Uses</h3><p>Building-integrated photovoltaics form the primary market. Companies such as Onyx Solar supply custom amorphous-silicon and crystalline-silicon photovoltaic glass for fa&#231;ades, skylights and canopies; installations include commercial towers in Switzerland, Spain and the United States. ClearVue Technologies offers vision glass that redirects infrared and ultraviolet light to edge-mounted cells, with generation figures reported around 50 W m&#8315;&#178; in recent Gen3 prototypes. Ubiquitous Energy develops wavelength-selective coatings that can be applied during glass manufacture.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg" width="750" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Can Lead to Net-Positive Construction |  ArchDaily&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Can Lead to Net-Positive Construction |  ArchDaily" title="Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Can Lead to Net-Positive Construction |  ArchDaily" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BNJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40e70b86-2084-4632-a6e8-8e4a81943f40_750x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.archdaily.com/971957/building-integrated-photovoltaics-can-lead-to-net-positive-construction">archdaily.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg" width="1000" height="707" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:707,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Crystalline Silicon Technology&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Crystalline Silicon Technology" title="Crystalline Silicon Technology" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tWJk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd90033fe-213a-46a4-a7db-98eaaf13d9f8_1000x707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://onyxsolar.com/photovoltaic-glass/crystalline-silicon-photovoltaic-glass">onyxsolar.com</a></p><p>In agriculture, semi-transparent modules from Brite Solar and others are installed on greenhouse roofs, transmitting photosynthetically active radiation while harvesting the remainder. Field trials in Greece and the Netherlands demonstrate simultaneous crop production and electricity generation. Vehicle glazing, bus shelters, noise barriers and consumer-electronics screens constitute secondary markets still at earlier stages of commercialisation.</p><p>Design considerations include visual comfort, thermal performance, glare control and colour neutrality. Successful projects integrate the photovoltaic glass into the architectural concept rather than treating it as an afterthought.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg" width="1177" height="779" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:779,&quot;width&quot;:1177,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Study case in Greece: Brite Solar, semi-transparent photovoltaics for  agricultural applications &#8211; AgroFossilFree&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Study case in Greece: Brite Solar, semi-transparent photovoltaics for  agricultural applications &#8211; AgroFossilFree" title="Study case in Greece: Brite Solar, semi-transparent photovoltaics for  agricultural applications &#8211; AgroFossilFree" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gTxn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27ef7fdc-1e42-45d3-b7de-d6fefcc9376b_1177x779.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.agrofossilfree.eu/2023/05/02/study-case-in-greece-brite-solar-semi-transparent-photovoltaics-for-agricultural-applications/">agrofossilfree.eu</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg" width="1200" height="628" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:628,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Scientists put a semi-transparent solar roof on a greenhouse, and  unexpected things happened&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Scientists put a semi-transparent solar roof on a greenhouse, and  unexpected things happened" title="Scientists put a semi-transparent solar roof on a greenhouse, and  unexpected things happened" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swl3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F350adb9a-a1b4-40ca-bf0b-6fbdbcc20544_1200x628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://electrek.co/2023/03/14/scientists-put-a-semi-transparent-solar-roof-on-a-greenhouse-and-unexpected-things-happened/">electrek.co</a></p><h3>Challenges and Remaining Barriers</h3><p>Long-term stability under real operating conditions remains a central concern, especially for perovskite devices. Scaling laboratory cells of a few square centimetres to square-metre modules while maintaining uniform performance and low defect density is non-trivial. Cost competitiveness relative to conventional architectural glass and silicon modules must improve. Lead content in many perovskites raises toxicity and recycling questions; indium used in transparent electrodes faces supply constraints. Light quality (unwanted tint or reduced CRI) can limit acceptance. Standardised testing protocols, building-code recognition and reliable long-term warranties are still developing. These barriers explain why commercial deployment, though growing, has not yet reached the scale of conventional rooftop solar.</p><h3>Network Analysis: Multi-Layer Diffusion and Value-Chain Reconfiguration</h3><p>The commercial viability of semi-transparent modules triggers a structural reconfiguration of value chains that previously treated glass as a passive commodity. Once laboratory results such as the 21.87 per cent Polish cell cross thresholds of cost, durability, optical quality and aesthetics, the technology diffuses from specialist photovoltaic manufacturers into construction, agriculture and adjacent industries.</p><p>A multi-layer network captures the process. Nodes comprise organisations across five layers: research and PV manufacturing (Gda&#324;sk University of Technology and partners, perovskite and electrode suppliers, Ubiquitous Energy, Onyx Solar, ClearVue Technologies, Heliatek, Brite Solar); glass and fa&#231;ade specialists (major glass producers such as NSG, Saint-Gobain and AGC, fa&#231;ade system firms); architecture and construction (architectural practices, real-estate developers, general contractors, building-code and standards bodies); agrivoltaics (greenhouse manufacturers, farm operators and cooperatives, agritech firms); and secondary spill-overs (automotive glazing suppliers, infrastructure providers, financiers, insurers and policymakers).</p><p>Edges represent technology licensing and joint-development agreements, component supply contracts, co-investment, knowledge transfer through pilot projects and industry associations, regulatory approvals and sequential adoption decisions.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png" width="1456" height="1226" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1226,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1817360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208995325?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhp_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7ad6fb4-cdce-4151-a7b6-b5da224a7b47_7990x6730.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Betweenness centrality identifies BIPV specialists such as Onyx Solar and ClearVue as brokers that connect the research and materials layer to construction and agricultural markets. Their removal would fragment knowledge and material flows. Community detection reveals the gradual emergence of hybrid clusters (solar-architecture practices and dual-use greenhouse consortia) that span traditional industry silos. Adoption in construction and farming follows complex-contagion dynamics: risk-averse developers and cooperatives typically require multiple successful reference projects and regulatory signals before specifying a new material. Once those thresholds are crossed, cascades can propagate rapidly through professional networks. Cost reductions or stability gains in the PV layer, such as the SnO&#8322; buffer that eases ITO sputtering, cascade outward by lowering the commercial viability threshold and reshaping supply contracts across layers. Geographic clusters of greenhouses sharing suppliers and energy-market access create spatial diffusion pathways for agrivoltaics.</p><h3>Perspectives</h3><p>Continued gains in efficiency and outdoor stability, wider-bandgap perovskites optimised for tandem top cells, alternative transparent electrodes that reduce indium dependence, and supportive policy for building-integrated photovoltaics will determine the pace of scale-up. Market projections for building-integrated photovoltaics range from tens of billions of dollars in the mid-2020s to well over 100 billion by the mid-2030s, with transparent and semi-transparent products forming a growing share. Integration with smart-building energy management and storage systems will further increase value. The technology complements rather than replaces conventional rooftop and utility-scale solar; its distinctive contribution lies in surfaces that were previously unavailable for generation.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Semi-transparent solar technology is converting glass from a passive building material into an active energy asset. The 21.87 per cent Polish cell demonstrates that high efficiency, usable transparency and meaningful outdoor stability can be combined in a tandem-relevant architecture. As manufacturing barriers fall and optical quality improves, the technology is already entering fa&#231;ades, skylights and greenhouse roofs. The resulting multi-layer network of research laboratories, glass producers, architects, developers, farmers and secondary industries is reconfiguring value chains around dual-use surfaces. Cities and agricultural landscapes in which vertical and overhead glass contributes measurable electricity will look and operate differently from those of the recent past. The laboratory milestone of July 2026 is one visible step in that larger transformation.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>pv magazine (29 July 2026). Polish scientists build 21.87% semi-transparent perovskite PV cell for tandem applications. <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/polish-scientists-build-21-87-semi-transparent-perovskite-cell-for-tandem-applications/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/polish-scientists-build-21-87-semi-transparent-perovskite-cell-for-tandem-applications/</a></p></li><li><p>Bykkam, S. et al. (2026). Efficient and Durable Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells for the Application in 4T Perovskite/c-Si Tandem Devices. <em>Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications</em>. DOI: 10.1002/pip.70077. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.70077">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.70077</a></p></li><li><p>Grand View Research. Building-integrated Photovoltaics Market Size Report, 2030. <a href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-market">https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-market</a></p></li><li><p>Precedence Research. Building Integrated Photovoltaics Market Size to Hit USD 250.91 Billion by 2035. <a href="https://www.precedenceresearch.com/building-integrated-photovoltaics-market">https://www.precedenceresearch.com/building-integrated-photovoltaics-market</a></p></li><li><p>Onyx Solar. Photovoltaic Glass &amp; BIPV for Architecture. <a href="https://onyxsolar.com/">https://onyxsolar.com/</a></p></li><li><p>ClearVue Technologies. ClearVue Solar for Building Fa&#231;ades. <a href="https://www.clearvuepv.com/">https://www.clearvuepv.com/</a></p></li><li><p>Ubiquitous Energy. Transparent Solar Cells. Company and technical materials referenced via secondary reports. <a href="https://ubiquitous.energy/">https://ubiquitous.energy/</a></p></li><li><p>Brite Solar. Semi-transparent photovoltaics for agricultural applications. <a href="https://www.britesolar.com/">https://www.britesolar.com/</a></p></li><li><p>Heliatek. Organic photovoltaics technology. <a href="https://www.heliatek.com/en/technology/opv/">https://www.heliatek.com/en/technology/opv/</a></p></li><li><p>International Energy Agency (IEA). Buildings &#8211; Energy System. Datos actualizados a junio de 2026 basados en <em>World Energy Outlook 2025</em>. <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings">https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings</a></p></li><li><p>International Energy Agency (IEA). Energy Efficiency 2025 &#8211; Buildings. &#8220;Buildings account for around 30% of global energy demand&#8221;. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2025/buildings">https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2025/buildings</a></p></li><li><p>REN21. <em>Global Status Report for Renewable Energy in Buildings</em> (GSR 2025). El sector de edificios represent&#243; el 31% del consumo final total de energ&#237;a. <a href="https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025/sectors/buildings/">https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025/sectors/buildings/</a></p></li><li><p>GlobalABC / UNEP. <em>Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/2025</em>. <a href="https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/Global-Status-Report-2024_2025.pdf">https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/Global-Status-Report-2024_2025.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Yu, J. et al. (2025). Semitransparent organic photovoltaics with wide geographical adaptability as sustainable smart windows. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 16, 7421. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62546-8">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62546-8</a></p></li><li><p>Wang, T. et al. (2026). Scalable semitransparent organic solar cells with robust film thickness tolerance for building-integrated photovoltaics. <em>Nature Communications</em>. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-69537-3">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-69537-3</a></p></li><li><p>Sheng et al. (2025). Semi-Transparent Colored Solar Cells for Agrivoltaics Ecosystem Applications. <em>Advanced Sustainable Systems</em>, 9(5), 2401059. <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsu.202401059">https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsu.202401059</a></p></li><li><p>DataM Intelligence. <em>BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics) Glass Market Report 2026&#8211;2033</em>. <a href="https://www.datamintelligence.com/research-report/bipv-glass-market">https://www.datamintelligence.com/research-report/bipv-glass-market</a></p></li><li><p>Market Intelo. <em>Solar Photovoltaic Window Market Research Report 2034</em>  <a href="https://marketintelo.com/report/solar-photovoltaic-window-market">https://marketintelo.com/report/solar-photovoltaic-window-market</a></p></li><li><p>Mordor Intelligence. <em>Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Market Report</em>. <a href="https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/building-integrated-photovoltaic-market">https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/building-integrated-photovoltaic-market</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Energía a través de la Ventana]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;La tecnolog&#237;a solar semitransparente convertir&#225; ventanas e invernaderos en activos energ&#233;ticos?]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/energia-a-traves-de-la-ventana</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/energia-a-traves-de-la-ventana</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2026 16:55:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 29-julio-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:398141,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208995331?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tAOm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdbdf5a32-6eea-4682-9d3c-c87f55d614d1_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En marzo de 2026, un equipo de investigadores liderado por la Universidad Tecnol&#243;gica de Gda&#324;sk, en Polonia, anunci&#243; una celda solar de perovskita semitransparente que alcanz&#243; una eficiencia de conversi&#243;n de potencia r&#233;cord de 21.87 por ciento. Al apilarse en una configuraci&#243;n de t&#225;ndem de cuatro terminales con una celda comercial de silicio cristalino, el dispositivo combinado entreg&#243; 27.15 por ciento. El resultado, publicado en <em>Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications</em> y reportado en julio por <em>pv magazine</em>, se basa en una soluci&#243;n de fabricaci&#243;n pr&#225;ctica: una capa amortiguadora de &#243;xido de esta&#241;o procesada en soluci&#243;n que protege la delicada estructura de perovskita durante el sputtering del electrodo trasero transparente. Los dispositivos tambi&#233;n mostraron una estabilidad operativa notable, al conservar el 80 por ciento del rendimiento inicial despu&#233;s de 1,600 horas de iluminaci&#243;n continua y seguir funcionando durante m&#225;s de 4,000 horas en condiciones de prueba al aire libre.</p><p>Este avance de laboratorio llega en un momento en que el entorno construido y los sistemas agr&#237;colas enfrentan una presi&#243;n creciente para generar electricidad en el sitio. Los edificios representan alrededor del 30 por ciento del consumo final de energ&#237;a a nivel mundial. En las ciudades densas, el &#225;rea de tejado disponible es limitada, mientras que las fachadas de vidrio y los atrios presentan vastas superficies verticales que tradicionalmente han permanecido pasivas. Al mismo tiempo, los c&#243;digos de construcci&#243;n de cero emisiones netas, el aumento de los costos de la tierra y la necesidad de uso dual del suelo en la agricultura generan demanda de materiales fotovoltaicos que preserven la transparencia, la iluminaci&#243;n natural y la calidad visual. Las tecnolog&#237;as solares semitransparentes y transparentes responden directamente a estas limitaciones al convertir el propio vidrio en un generador distribuido.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg" width="1280" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent" title="Solar windows could harvest indoor light and sunlight while staying semi- transparent" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3fzO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a45114a-5bd8-4263-a61e-3e8c9eaace3d_1280x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://techxplore.com/news/2026-07-solar-windows-harvest-indoor-sunlight.html">techxplore.com</a></p><h3>El hito polaco del 21.87 por ciento</h3><p>El equipo de Gda&#324;sk, en colaboraci&#243;n con investigadores de la Academia Polaca de Ciencias y la Universidad Tecnol&#243;gica Ming Chi de Taiw&#225;n, fabric&#243; celdas de arquitectura p&#8211;i&#8211;n sobre sustratos de vidrio/ITO. Una capa de transporte de huecos de poli(triarilamina), un absorbedor de perovskita, una capa de transporte de electrones de PCBM, un amortiguador de SnO&#8322; procesado en soluci&#243;n y un electrodo trasero de ITO depositado por sputtering formaron la estructura. Se evaluaron cuatro formulaciones comerciales de &#243;xido de esta&#241;o; la variante N31 ofreci&#243; el mejor rendimiento. El espesor del ITO trasero se optimiz&#243; en 300 nm. La capa amortiguadora protege las pel&#237;culas subyacentes durante el sputtering por magnetr&#243;n de corriente continua a temperatura ambiente, un paso que anteriormente da&#241;aba la perovskita.</p><p>El autor correspondiente, Damian Glowienka, destac&#243; que el trabajo combin&#243; la optimizaci&#243;n de electrodos y capas amortiguadoras con el an&#225;lisis de p&#233;rdidas &#243;pticas y el&#233;ctricas, la integraci&#243;n en t&#225;ndem y las pruebas de estabilidad a largo plazo bajo protocolos ISOS tanto en interior como en exterior. La banda prohibida de la perovskita utilizada en el estudio a&#250;n no es ideal para el funcionamiento en t&#225;ndem; un absorbedor de banda m&#225;s ancha transmitir&#237;a m&#225;s fotones de baja energ&#237;a a la celda inferior de silicio y elevar&#237;a a&#250;n m&#225;s la eficiencia total. La resistencia en serie y la absorci&#243;n parasitaria de infrarrojo en los electrodos transparentes siguen siendo las principales limitaciones restantes.</p><p>La publicaci&#243;n y su r&#225;pida difusi&#243;n a trav&#233;s de medios especializados ilustran c&#243;mo una sola innovaci&#243;n de proceso puede reducir una barrera cr&#237;tica de fabricaci&#243;n y acelerar el paso de las celdas de laboratorio hacia m&#243;dulos de relevancia comercial.</p><h3>Qu&#233; son los paneles solares transparentes y semitransparentes</h3><p>Las fotovoltaicas transparentes y semitransparentes abarcan varios enfoques distintos. Los dispositivos selectivos de longitud de onda absorben la radiaci&#243;n ultravioleta y del infrarrojo cercano mientras transmiten la mayor parte del espectro visible, produciendo una ventana casi incolora. Los absorbedores ultradelgados reducen la densidad &#243;ptica para que una porci&#243;n de la luz visible atraviese el dispositivo. Las celdas micropatronadas o espacialmente segmentadas colocan franjas estrechas de material activo entre huecos transparentes, controlando la transmitancia visible promedio mediante la geometr&#237;a en lugar de adelgazar el absorbedor. Los concentradores solares luminiscentes emplean colorantes o puntos cu&#225;nticos que absorben y reemiten luz hacia celdas montadas en los bordes. Las plataformas de pel&#237;cula delgada basadas en perovskitas, semiconductores org&#225;nicos o seleniuro de cobre-indio-galio (CIGS) pueden dise&#241;arse para cualquiera de estas estrategias.</p><p>El rendimiento se eval&#250;a mediante cuatro m&#233;tricas complementarias. La eficiencia de conversi&#243;n de potencia (PCE) cuantifica la salida el&#233;ctrica bajo iluminaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar. La transmitancia visible promedio (AVT) mide la fracci&#243;n del espectro visible que atraviesa el dispositivo. La eficiencia de utilizaci&#243;n de la luz (LUE o FoMLUE) multiplica la PCE por la AVT y captura as&#237; la figura de m&#233;rito conjunta. El &#237;ndice de reproducci&#243;n crom&#225;tica (CRI) indica con qu&#233; fidelidad la luz transmitida revela los colores de los objetos; se requieren valores superiores a 90 para entornos interiores confortables.</p><h3>Avances recientes y el equilibrio entre eficiencia y transparencia</h3><p>Las celdas de perovskita lideran actualmente la carrera de eficiencia entre las tecnolog&#237;as semitransparentes. Los r&#233;cords de laboratorio anteriores se situaban entre el 15 y el 20 por ciento; el resultado polaco del 21.87 por ciento se encuentra entre los m&#225;s altos reportados para dispositivos destinados a uso en t&#225;ndem. Las celdas solares org&#225;nicas han alcanzado eficiencias de utilizaci&#243;n de la luz superiores al 6 por ciento en mezclas ternarias cuidadosamente optimizadas. Los dispositivos CIGS de microfranjas han demostrado transmitancia visible promedio superior al 50 por ciento mientras mantienen un &#237;ndice de reproducci&#243;n crom&#225;tica mayor de 99. Las combinaciones de t&#225;ndem transparentes de perovskita y capas org&#225;nicas han alcanzado el 12.3 por ciento de eficiencia con un 30 por ciento de transparencia.</p><p>Los l&#237;mites te&#243;ricos se derivan del marco de Shockley-Queisser. Cuando se transmite deliberadamente una fracci&#243;n sustancial del espectro visible, la eficiencia m&#225;xima de una sola uni&#243;n desciende y la banda prohibida &#243;ptima se desplaza. Los dispositivos pr&#225;cticos incuren en p&#233;rdidas adicionales por recombinaci&#243;n, absorci&#243;n parasitaria en los electrodos y resistencia en serie. La estabilidad ha quedado hist&#243;ricamente rezagada respecto de la eficiencia inicial, en particular en las perovskitas expuestas a humedad, calor e iluminaci&#243;n continua. El rendimiento en exteriores de m&#225;s de 4,000 horas de los dispositivos polacos marca un avance en el cierre de esa brecha mediante encapsulaci&#243;n e ingenier&#237;a de interfaces.</p><h3>Importancia estrat&#233;gica para los sistemas energ&#233;ticos y la forma urbana</h3><p>Los edificios con alta proporci&#243;n de ventana a muro y el tejido urbano denso dejan un &#225;rea de tejado limitada para los paneles convencionales. Las fotovoltaicas semitransparentes convierten esas superficies verticales y superiores de vidrio en generadores mientras preservan la iluminaci&#243;n natural y la intenci&#243;n arquitect&#243;nica. La generaci&#243;n en el sitio reduce las p&#233;rdidas de transmisi&#243;n y contribuye a la resiliencia de la red mediante recursos distribuidos. Las aplicaciones de uso dual en invernaderos permiten la producci&#243;n de electricidad junto con el crecimiento de cultivos, aliviando la competencia por la tierra. La compatibilidad est&#233;tica favorece la adopci&#243;n en contextos patrimoniales y en fachadas comerciales de alto valor donde los m&#243;dulos convencionales visibles ser&#237;an rechazados. Estos atributos se alinean con las normas de construcci&#243;n de cero emisiones netas y con el cambio m&#225;s amplio hacia sistemas urbanos electrificados y de bajo carbono.</p><h3>Aplicaciones y usos </h3><p>La fotovoltaica integrada en edificios constituye el mercado principal. Empresas como Onyx Solar suministran vidrio fotovoltaico personalizado de silicio amorfo y cristalino para fachadas, tragaluces y marquesinas; las instalaciones incluyen torres comerciales en Suiza, Espa&#241;a y Estados Unidos. ClearVue Technologies ofrece vidrio de visi&#243;n que redirige la luz infrarroja y ultravioleta hacia celdas montadas en los bordes, con cifras de generaci&#243;n reportadas en torno a 50 W m&#8315;&#178; en prototipos recientes Gen3. Ubiquitous Energy desarrolla recubrimientos selectivos de longitud de onda que pueden aplicarse durante la fabricaci&#243;n del vidrio.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg" width="750" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Can Lead to Net-Positive Construction |  ArchDaily&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Can Lead to Net-Positive Construction |  ArchDaily" title="Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Can Lead to Net-Positive Construction |  ArchDaily" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Den-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d81fd1-a255-4529-aeb1-7e47dd5e54ca_750x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.archdaily.com/971957/building-integrated-photovoltaics-can-lead-to-net-positive-construction">archdaily.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg" width="1000" height="707" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:707,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Crystalline Silicon Technology&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Crystalline Silicon Technology" title="Crystalline Silicon Technology" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!flnk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071b829-df42-458c-a57c-22b068bfa136_1000x707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://onyxsolar.com/photovoltaic-glass/crystalline-silicon-photovoltaic-glass">onyxsolar.com</a></p><p>En la agricultura, m&#243;dulos semitransparentes de Brite Solar y otros se instalan en los techos de invernaderos, transmitiendo la radiaci&#243;n fotosint&#233;ticamente activa mientras aprovechan el resto. Los ensayos de campo en Grecia y los Pa&#237;ses Bajos demuestran la producci&#243;n simult&#225;nea de cultivos y electricidad. El acristalamiento de veh&#237;culos, las marquesinas de autobuses, las barreras ac&#250;sticas y las pantallas de electr&#243;nica de consumo constituyen mercados secundarios a&#250;n en etapas m&#225;s tempranas de comercializaci&#243;n.</p><p>Las consideraciones de dise&#241;o incluyen el confort visual, el rendimiento t&#233;rmico, el control del deslumbramiento y la neutralidad de color. Los proyectos exitosos integran el vidrio fotovoltaico en el concepto arquitect&#243;nico en lugar de tratarlo como un a&#241;adido posterior.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg" width="1177" height="779" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:779,&quot;width&quot;:1177,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Study case in Greece: Brite Solar, semi-transparent photovoltaics for  agricultural applications &#8211; AgroFossilFree&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Study case in Greece: Brite Solar, semi-transparent photovoltaics for  agricultural applications &#8211; AgroFossilFree" title="Study case in Greece: Brite Solar, semi-transparent photovoltaics for  agricultural applications &#8211; AgroFossilFree" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDWD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb9768d44-9543-4914-b7ea-1667e8d3dd56_1177x779.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.agrofossilfree.eu/2023/05/02/study-case-in-greece-brite-solar-semi-transparent-photovoltaics-for-agricultural-applications/">agrofossilfree.eu</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg" width="1200" height="628" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:628,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Scientists put a semi-transparent solar roof on a greenhouse, and  unexpected things happened&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Scientists put a semi-transparent solar roof on a greenhouse, and  unexpected things happened" title="Scientists put a semi-transparent solar roof on a greenhouse, and  unexpected things happened" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vckM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6cf8a2d-1efb-4c21-a1ea-d217593a3cad_1200x628.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://electrek.co/2023/03/14/scientists-put-a-semi-transparent-solar-roof-on-a-greenhouse-and-unexpected-things-happened/">electrek.co</a></p><h3>Desaf&#237;os y barreras restantes</h3><p>La estabilidad a largo plazo en condiciones reales de operaci&#243;n sigue siendo una preocupaci&#243;n central, especialmente para los dispositivos de perovskita. Escalar celdas de laboratorio de unos pocos cent&#237;metros cuadrados a m&#243;dulos de metros cuadrados manteniendo un rendimiento uniforme y una baja densidad de defectos no es trivial. La competitividad de costos respecto del vidrio arquitect&#243;nico convencional y de los m&#243;dulos de silicio debe mejorar. El contenido de plomo en muchas perovskitas plantea cuestiones de toxicidad y reciclaje; el indio utilizado en los electrodos transparentes enfrenta restricciones de suministro. La calidad de la luz (tinte no deseado o CRI reducido) puede limitar la aceptaci&#243;n. Los protocolos de prueba estandarizados, el reconocimiento en los c&#243;digos de construcci&#243;n y las garant&#237;as fiables a largo plazo a&#250;n se est&#225;n desarrollando. Estas barreras explican por qu&#233; el despliegue comercial, aunque en crecimiento, no ha alcanzado todav&#237;a la escala de la solar convencional en tejados.</p><h3>An&#225;lisis de redes: Difusi&#243;n multicapa y reconfiguraci&#243;n de la cadena de valor</h3><p>La viabilidad comercial de los m&#243;dulos semitransparentes desencadena una reconfiguraci&#243;n estructural de las cadenas de valor que anteriormente trataban el vidrio como un commodity pasivo. Una vez que los resultados de laboratorio como la celda polaca del 21.87 por ciento superan los umbrales de costo, durabilidad, calidad &#243;ptica y est&#233;tica, la tecnolog&#237;a se difunde desde los fabricantes fotovoltaicos especializados hacia la construcci&#243;n, la agricultura y las industrias adyacentes.</p><p>Una red multicapa captura el proceso. Los nodos comprenden organizaciones en cinco capas: investigaci&#243;n y fabricaci&#243;n fotovoltaica (Universidad Tecnol&#243;gica de Gda&#324;sk y socios, proveedores de perovskita y electrodos, Ubiquitous Energy, Onyx Solar, ClearVue Technologies, Heliatek, Brite Solar); especialistas en vidrio y fachadas (principales productores de vidrio como NSG, Saint-Gobain y AGC, empresas de sistemas de fachada); arquitectura y construcci&#243;n (estudios de arquitectura, desarrolladores inmobiliarios, contratistas generales, organismos de c&#243;digos y normas de construcci&#243;n); agrivoltaica (fabricantes de invernaderos, operadores de granjas y cooperativas, empresas de agritech); y desbordamientos secundarios (proveedores de acristalamiento automotriz, proveedores de infraestructura, financiadores, aseguradoras y responsables de pol&#237;ticas).</p><p>Las aristas representan acuerdos de licencia tecnol&#243;gica y desarrollo conjunto, contratos de suministro de componentes, coinversi&#243;n, transferencia de conocimiento a trav&#233;s de proyectos piloto y asociaciones industriales, aprobaciones regulatorias y decisiones secuenciales de adopci&#243;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png" width="1456" height="1153" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1153,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1810384,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208995331?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FAwp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5cb5ef-37d2-4d57-80d2-aa10487a5de3_8192x6486.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n identifica a especialistas en BIPV como Onyx Solar y ClearVue como intermediarios que conectan la capa de investigaci&#243;n y materiales con los mercados de construcci&#243;n y agr&#237;cola. Su eliminaci&#243;n fragmentar&#237;a los flujos de conocimiento y materiales. La detecci&#243;n de comunidades revela la emergencia gradual de cl&#250;steres h&#237;bridos (pr&#225;cticas de arquitectura solar y consorcios de invernaderos de uso dual) que atraviesan los silos industriales tradicionales. La adopci&#243;n en la construcci&#243;n y la agricultura sigue din&#225;micas de contagio complejo: los desarrolladores y las cooperativas aversos al riesgo suelen requerir m&#250;ltiples proyectos de referencia exitosos y se&#241;ales regulatorias antes de especificar un nuevo material. Una vez superados esos umbrales, las cascadas pueden propagarse r&#225;pidamente a trav&#233;s de las redes profesionales. Las reducciones de costos o las mejoras de estabilidad en la capa fotovoltaica, como el amortiguador de SnO&#8322; que facilita el sputtering de ITO, se propagan hacia afuera al reducir el umbral de viabilidad comercial y reconfigurar los contratos de suministro en todas las capas. Los cl&#250;steres geogr&#225;ficos de invernaderos que comparten proveedores y acceso al mercado energ&#233;tico crean v&#237;as de difusi&#243;n espacial para la agrivoltaica.</p><h3>Perspectivas</h3><p>Los avances continuos en eficiencia y estabilidad en exteriores, las perovskitas de banda m&#225;s ancha optimizadas para celdas superiores de t&#225;ndem, los electrodos transparentes alternativos que reducen la dependencia del indio y las pol&#237;ticas de apoyo a la fotovoltaica integrada en edificios determinar&#225;n el ritmo de escalamiento. Las proyecciones de mercado para la fotovoltaica integrada en edificios oscilan entre decenas de miles de millones de d&#243;lares a mediados de la d&#233;cada de 2020 y m&#225;s de 100 mil millones a mediados de la de 2030, con los productos transparentes y semitransparentes formando una participaci&#243;n creciente. La integraci&#243;n con sistemas de gesti&#243;n energ&#233;tica y almacenamiento de edificios inteligentes aumentar&#225; a&#250;n m&#225;s el valor. La tecnolog&#237;a complementa en lugar de reemplazar la solar convencional en tejados y a escala de utilidad; su contribuci&#243;n distintiva reside en superficies que anteriormente no estaban disponibles para la generaci&#243;n.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n</h3><p>La tecnolog&#237;a solar semitransparente est&#225; convirtiendo el vidrio de un material de construcci&#243;n pasivo en un activo energ&#233;tico activo. La celda polaca del 21.87 por ciento demuestra que es posible combinar alta eficiencia, transparencia utilizable y estabilidad significativa en exteriores en una arquitectura relevante para t&#225;ndem. A medida que caen las barreras de fabricaci&#243;n y mejora la calidad &#243;ptica, la tecnolog&#237;a ya est&#225; entrando en fachadas, tragaluces y techos de invernaderos. La red multicapa resultante de laboratorios de investigaci&#243;n, productores de vidrio, arquitectos, desarrolladores, agricultores e industrias secundarias est&#225; reconfigurando las cadenas de valor en torno a superficies de uso dual. Las ciudades y los paisajes agr&#237;colas en los que el vidrio vertical y superior contribuye con electricidad medible se ver&#225;n y funcionar&#225;n de manera diferente a los del pasado reciente. El hito de laboratorio de julio de 2026 es un paso visible en esa transformaci&#243;n m&#225;s amplia.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>pv magazine (29 July 2026). Polish scientists build 21.87% semi-transparent perovskite PV cell for tandem applications. <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/polish-scientists-build-21-87-semi-transparent-perovskite-cell-for-tandem-applications/">https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/07/29/polish-scientists-build-21-87-semi-transparent-perovskite-cell-for-tandem-applications/</a></p></li><li><p>Bykkam, S. et al. (2026). Efficient and Durable Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells for the Application in 4T Perovskite/c-Si Tandem Devices. <em>Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications</em>. DOI: 10.1002/pip.70077. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.70077">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.70077</a></p></li><li><p>Grand View Research. Building-integrated Photovoltaics Market Size Report, 2030. <a href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-market">https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-market</a></p></li><li><p>Precedence Research. Building Integrated Photovoltaics Market Size to Hit USD 250.91 Billion by 2035. <a href="https://www.precedenceresearch.com/building-integrated-photovoltaics-market">https://www.precedenceresearch.com/building-integrated-photovoltaics-market</a></p></li><li><p>Onyx Solar. Photovoltaic Glass &amp; BIPV for Architecture. <a href="https://onyxsolar.com/">https://onyxsolar.com/</a></p></li><li><p>ClearVue Technologies. ClearVue Solar for Building Fa&#231;ades. <a href="https://www.clearvuepv.com/">https://www.clearvuepv.com/</a></p></li><li><p>Ubiquitous Energy. Transparent Solar Cells. Company and technical materials referenced via secondary reports. <a href="https://ubiquitous.energy/">https://ubiquitous.energy/</a></p></li><li><p>Brite Solar. Semi-transparent photovoltaics for agricultural applications. <a href="https://www.britesolar.com/">https://www.britesolar.com/</a></p></li><li><p>Heliatek. Organic photovoltaics technology. <a href="https://www.heliatek.com/en/technology/opv/">https://www.heliatek.com/en/technology/opv/</a></p></li><li><p>International Energy Agency (IEA). Buildings &#8211; Energy System. Datos actualizados a junio de 2026 basados en <em>World Energy Outlook 2025</em>. <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings">https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings</a></p></li><li><p>International Energy Agency (IEA). Energy Efficiency 2025 &#8211; Buildings. &#8220;Buildings account for around 30% of global energy demand&#8221;. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2025/buildings">https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2025/buildings</a></p></li><li><p>REN21. <em>Global Status Report for Renewable Energy in Buildings</em> (GSR 2025). El sector de edificios represent&#243; el 31% del consumo final total de energ&#237;a. <a href="https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025/sectors/buildings/">https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025/sectors/buildings/</a></p></li><li><p>GlobalABC / UNEP. <em>Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/2025</em>. <a href="https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/Global-Status-Report-2024_2025.pdf">https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/Global-Status-Report-2024_2025.pdf</a></p></li><li><p>Yu, J. et al. (2025). Semitransparent organic photovoltaics with wide geographical adaptability as sustainable smart windows. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 16, 7421. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62546-8">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62546-8</a></p></li><li><p>Wang, T. et al. (2026). Scalable semitransparent organic solar cells with robust film thickness tolerance for building-integrated photovoltaics. <em>Nature Communications</em>. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-69537-3">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-69537-3</a></p></li><li><p>Sheng et al. (2025). Semi-Transparent Colored Solar Cells for Agrivoltaics Ecosystem Applications. <em>Advanced Sustainable Systems</em>, 9(5), 2401059. <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsu.202401059">https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsu.202401059</a></p></li><li><p>DataM Intelligence. <em>BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics) Glass Market Report 2026&#8211;2033</em>. Tama&#241;o de mercado US$ 2.61 mil millones en 2025, estimado en US$ 32.5 mil millones para 2033 (CAGR 37.4%). <a href="https://www.datamintelligence.com/research-report/bipv-glass-market">https://www.datamintelligence.com/research-report/bipv-glass-market</a></p></li><li><p>Market Intelo. <em>Solar Photovoltaic Window Market Research Report 2034</em> (valoraci&#243;n de US$ 0.8 mil millones en 2025, proyecci&#243;n a US$ 6.5 mil millones para 2034, CAGR 22.5%). <a href="https://marketintelo.com/report/solar-photovoltaic-window-market">https://marketintelo.com/report/solar-photovoltaic-window-market</a></p></li><li><p>Mordor Intelligence. <em>Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Market Report</em> (valoraci&#243;n de USD 16.66 mil millones en 2026, crecimiento a USD 47.02 mil millones). <a href="https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/building-integrated-photovoltaic-market">https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/building-integrated-photovoltaic-market</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Closing the Loop: Localisation and Self-Reinforcing Production in China’s Industrial Robotics]]></title><description><![CDATA[Published 28-july-2026]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/closing-the-loop-localisation-and</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/closing-the-loop-localisation-and</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 17:05:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 28-july-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:414170,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208851668?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G_4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F091120a8-759b-4cf4-9216-a672eccc98dc_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In a workshop in Chengdu, industrial robots leave the production line at a steady cadence of one every twelve minutes. The lines themselves run with high levels of automation. Embodied machines equipped with three-dimensional vision systems interpret complex, changing work environments, decide on actions, and execute them. Nearby, at facilities belonging to Estun Automation, heavy-payload six-axis arms rated at 1,200 kilograms undergo testing and assembly, their core components produced almost entirely within the same industrial ecosystem. These scenes, reported in Chinese media and highlighted in recent industry coverage, capture a structural shift underway in the world&#8217;s largest market for industrial robots.</p><p>China is moving from heavy reliance on imported machines and precision parts toward a more self-contained system in which domestic firms design, build, and deploy the robots that in turn produce more robots and the components they require. The process is incomplete, yet the direction is measurable in market shares, self-sufficiency rates, and the emergence of specialised suppliers.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg" width="964" height="599" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:599,&quot;width&quot;:964,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd" title="Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mzjw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6fdfa5f-f9ea-4a0e-aceb-5e342b5437af_964x599.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://lero.co.nz/robotic-automation-solutions/">lero.co.nz</a></p><h3><strong>Why the Shift Is Occurring Now</strong></h3><p>Several reinforcing forces explain the acceleration. China&#8217;s working-age population has peaked and is declining. Skilled trades, including welding, face persistent shortages while labour costs have risen. Manufacturers in automotive, electronics, electric vehicles, batteries and renewable-energy equipment require higher precision, longer uptime and greater flexibility than earlier generations of automation could reliably deliver at scale. Policy has reinforced the commercial incentives. Successive plans under the Made in China 2025 framework and subsequent industrial strategies assigned priority to robotics, set localisation targets, and channelled capital toward both system integrators and the precision-component specialists that feed them. Geopolitical tension and the experience of export controls on advanced equipment have further raised the value of domestic capability.</p><p>Technology has also matured. Advances in machine vision, real-time control software and sensor fusion allow robots to handle less structured tasks. The same capabilities that improve factory-floor performance also improve the production of the robots themselves, creating the conditions for the closed loops now visible in Chengdu and elsewhere.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg" width="808" height="439" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:439,&quot;width&quot;:808,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;World Robotics Report 2025\&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;World Robotics Report 2025\&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="World Robotics Report 2025&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines" title="World Robotics Report 2025&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0SPq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6df9d72-5ce5-4971-b1f2-2c7c97c2593d_808x439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://eu.36kr.com/en/p/3483537185168257">eu.36kr.com</a></p><h3><strong>Market Share Trajectory and the Estun Case</strong></h3><p>Domestic brands&#8217; share of China&#8217;s industrial robot market rose from 31.4 percent in 2020 to 58.5 percent in 2024 according to official and industry data compiled by the China Machinery Industry Federation and consistent with International Federation of Robotics figures showing approximately 57 percent. Later reports and company disclosures place the figure higher still in 2025, with estimates around 60 percent and further gains expected. In absolute terms China installed a record 295,000 industrial robots in 2024, accounting for 54 percent of global deployments, and the operational stock surpassed two million units.</p><p>Estun Automation illustrates the corporate dimension of this shift. The company, which began in servo drives and motion controllers, has become the leading domestic supplier by shipment volume and, according to multiple 2025 reports, the overall market leader in China, overtaking long-dominant foreign names including Fanuc and ABB in the domestic market. Its market share in the first half of 2025 reached approximately 10.5 percent when including related brands. Estun reports more than 95 percent self-sufficiency in core components for its industrial robots, encompassing servo motors, drivers, controllers and mechanical structures. The ER1200, a 1,200-kilogram-payload six-axis arm, is described as the first fully localised heavy-payload model of its class to reach mass deployment. The company has also expanded into collaborative robots, recording strong shipment growth in early 2026, and has released a robot operating system, iER.OS, together with the Juliet programming language developed in collaboration with Cognibotics and designed for ROS-2 compatibility.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg" width="1200" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader  in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp; ABB in 2025  to be #1 in China mkt Has vertical&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader  in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp; ABB in 2025  to be #1 in China mkt Has vertical" title="Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader  in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp; ABB in 2025  to be #1 in China mkt Has vertical" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DPFU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa940caff-b214-46d8-98a7-7eb218fe9801_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://x.com/tphuang/status/2081479281058717840">x.com</a></p><p>Vertical integration gives Estun control over iteration speed, cost structure and customisation. It also concentrates technical knowledge within a single organisation rather than across a chain of specialised foreign suppliers. R&amp;D spending has remained near 10 percent of revenue for an extended period, supporting both incremental improvement of existing product lines and exploration of humanoid platforms.</p><h3><strong>Component Bottlenecks, Domestic Champions and the Localisation Drive</strong></h3><p>Precision reducers and high-performance servo motors remain the most demanding elements of the supply chain. RV reducers, critical for medium- and heavy-payload arms, still show domestic self-sufficiency in the range of 25&#8211;35 percent according to recent assessments, although some estimates for certain suppliers place the figure higher. Harmonic reducers, more common in lighter arms and collaborative robots, have advanced further, with domestic products accounting for more than 40 percent of units installed in Chinese-assembled robots. Humanoid-robot servo motors lag more substantially, with domestic ratios reported below 10 percent in some analyses. Industry and policy targets aim to lift overall core-component domestic ratios above 70 percent by 2028.</p><p>Specialised Chinese firms have emerged as champions. Leaderdrive, operating under the Green Harmonic brand, has become a leading global producer of harmonic reducers and a major supplier within China. Shuanghuan Transmission and related firms have expanded capacity in RV reducers. Inovance Technology holds a substantial position in servo systems and has developed highly automated production lines for these motors. Other firms supply end-effectors and intelligent grippers. Investment into these companies has been substantial, supported by both private capital and policy preference for domestic suppliers in public and strategic projects. The result is a gradual but visible substitution of Japanese and European precision components that previously occupied central positions in the supply chain.</p><p>Quality and longevity at the highest performance levels continue to improve yet still lag the most demanding applications in some segments. The gap is narrower in mid-range industrial use, where cost and delivery advantages of domestic supply are already decisive for many Chinese manufacturers.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg" width="1400" height="788" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:788,&quot;width&quot;:1400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026" title="Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JBSd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F959ef230-5a85-42c6-8114-19428d9f20e9_1400x788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.evsint.com/industrial-robot-reducers-harmonic-cycloidal-rv-comparison-2026/">evsint.com</a></p><h3><strong>End-Use Diffusion and Lighthouse Factories</strong></h3><p>Adoption is spreading beyond the traditional strongholds of automotive and electronics. AI-enabled welding systems address acute shortages of skilled welders by combining vision, seam recognition and autonomous path planning, reducing programming time for complex structures from hours to minutes. Collaborative-robot shipments have grown rapidly. In traditional industries the transformation is equally striking. Jiangsu Yueda&#8217;s cotton-spinning operations have been recognised by the World Economic Forum as the first lighthouse factory in the global cotton-textile sector. The facility deploys dozens of intelligent cameras, AGV fleets and automated material handling across hundreds of thousands of spindles and extensive loom capacity, delivering large annual volumes of yarn and fabric while improving productivity and reducing unit energy consumption.</p><p>These examples demonstrate that the same domestic robot and component base that serves high-tech manufacturing is now penetrating labour-intensive sectors that previously automated more slowly. The diffusion raises overall robot density and further expands the addressable market for Chinese suppliers.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine" title="Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zGck!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe51b6e08-1211-4acb-8f79-556ef95cac24_2560x1707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.robot-magazine.fr/en/chinese-robot-manufacturers-industrial-capacity-cost-performance/">robot-magazine.fr</a></p><h3><strong>Network Analysis of the Supply-Chain Rewiring</strong></h3><p>The industrial-robot ecosystem can be understood as a multi-layer network. One layer consists of precision-component suppliers. A second comprises robot original-equipment manufacturers and system integrators. A third contains the end-user plants that deploy the machines, including the factories that produce robots themselves. Edges represent supply contracts, technology flows, investment and policy support.</p><p>Historically the network was characterised by high betweenness centrality among a small number of foreign component specialists, particularly Japanese producers of RV and harmonic reducers and certain European and Japanese servo and controller makers. Chinese OEMs and end-users depended on these bridges. The current configuration shows a measurable densification of the domestic subgraph. Rising market shares for Chinese OEMs and improving self-sufficiency rates for key components increase the number and strength of edges that remain entirely within China. Estun&#8217;s vertical integration short-circuits several external links by bringing servo, controller and structural production inside the firm. Domestic specialists such as Leaderdrive, Shuanghuan-related entities and Inovance gain degree and centrality as orders and capital concentrate upon them.</p><p>Preferential attachment is visible: early successes attract further orders, talent and financing, accelerating scale advantages. Resilience improves because the removal of any single foreign node produces smaller cascade effects than in the earlier, more import-dependent topology. Most distinctive is the positive feedback, or autocatalytic, loop created when robot production plants themselves become heavy users of domestic robots and components. Higher domestic robot density increases demand for domestic reducers, servos and controllers; scale and learning improve cost and performance; lower costs and better availability raise adoption rates further, including in the robot factories that close the loop. The Chengdu facilities assembling a robot every twelve minutes embody this motif in physical form.</p><p>Secondary network processes reinforce the primary rewiring. Lighthouse-factory practices diffuse across industry networks, transferring organisational knowledge from early adopters in automotive and electronics into textiles and other sectors. The emerging software layer, including robot operating systems and higher-level programming languages, functions as a coordination network that can accelerate integration once critical mass is reached.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png" width="1456" height="526" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:526,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1091452,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208851673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>Drivers, Constraints and Competitive Responses</strong></h3><p>The structural drivers already noted (demographics, policy, demand from strategic sectors, and technological enablement) continue to operate. Learning-by-doing effects compound as domestic volume grows. Constraints remain real. Achieving consistent precision, durability and thermal performance at the extreme end of the specification range is still more difficult for some domestic reducers and servos than for the established foreign leaders. Software ecosystems and developer communities are expanding yet have not displaced the global open-source and proprietary standards that dominate advanced research and certain high-value applications. The distinction between rapid scale-driven catch-up and genuine frontier innovation remains visible in the highest-performance niches.</p><p>Incumbent foreign suppliers are responding in several ways: deeper localisation of their own manufacturing and sourcing inside China, concentration on the premium segments where performance differentials remain largest, and increased attention to export markets outside China where Chinese brands are beginning to compete more aggressively. Chinese industrial-robot exports themselves rose sharply in early 2026, indicating that the domestic capacity build is already generating outward pressure.</p><h3><strong>Outlook</strong></h3><p>A more localised and vertically integrated robot ecosystem reduces China&#8217;s exposure to component-level export controls and supply disruptions. It also intensifies competitive pressure on traditional Japanese and European suppliers within the Chinese market and, progressively, in third-country markets sensitive to price and delivery. The same component base, vision systems and software stacks that serve industrial arms are relevant to humanoid and general-purpose embodied systems, creating potential spillover. Over a longer horizon the question is whether the self-reinforcing production and learning loops now visible will generate cost and performance trajectories capable of altering global manufacturing economics and technology standards.</p><p>Toward 2028 the official localisation targets for core components remain ambitious. Progress to date suggests continued gains in domestic share and self-sufficiency are probable, particularly in mid-range applications and in the production of robots themselves. The highest-precision segments will advance more gradually. The network structure that has emerged, denser, more modular and partially closed-loop, is already distinct from the import-dependent configuration of a decade earlier.</p><h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3><p>China&#8217;s industrial-robot sector has moved from peripheral participant to the centre of both global demand and, increasingly, domestic supply. The combination of rising market share, vertical integration at leading firms such as Estun, the appearance of specialised component champions, and the physical reality of highly automated robot factories produces a system that is beginning to feed upon itself. Robots are building robots, and in doing so they are tightening the industrial and technological loops that determine cost, resilience and competitive position. The transformation is neither complete nor free of residual dependencies, yet the network dynamics already observable point to a durable shift in how one of the world&#8217;s most important manufacturing ecosystems organises its automation capabilities.</p><h3><strong>Sources</strong></h3><ul><li><p>tphuang X thread, 26 July 2026: </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/tphuang/status/2081479281058717840&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp;amp; ABB in 2025 to be #1 in China mkt\n\nHas vertical integration w/ servo, controller, body &amp;amp; &amp;gt; 95% core component self sufficiency.\n\nER1200, &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;tphuang&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;tphuang&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1941247081915559936/HzZR1oFr_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-26T20:38:27.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOLiT1OXAAAfIsv.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/uI5dIccTeN&quot;},{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOLiVujX0AAuNCN.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/uI5dIccTeN&quot;},{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOLibHoW8AAV5U8.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/uI5dIccTeN&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:2,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:20,&quot;like_count&quot;:98,&quot;impression_count&quot;:9347,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>CGTN, &#8220;A robot every 12 minutes? China&#8217;s smart manufacturing in action,&#8221; 27 July 2026: <a href="https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-07-27/A-robot-every-12-minutes-China-s-smart-manufacturing-in-action-1P7DblQ2nxm/share_amp.html">https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-07-27/A-robot-every-12-minutes-China-s-smart-manufacturing-in-action-1P7DblQ2nxm/share_amp.html</a></p></li><li><p>Economic Daily / EDNewsChina coverage of Chengdu Carnup Robotics Technology Co., Ltd. production rates, July 2026: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/EDNewsChina/posts/at-chengdu-carnup-robotics-technology-co-ltd-in-chengdu-city-chinas-sichuan-prov/1376984564455794/">https://www.facebook.com/EDNewsChina/posts/at-chengdu-carnup-robotics-technology-co-ltd-in-chengdu-city-chinas-sichuan-prov/1376984564455794/</a> and related Instagram posts.</p></li><li><p>Tiger Brokers report on Chengdu Kanopu / Carnup robot assembly lines: <a href="https://www.itiger.com/news/1165859269">https://www.itiger.com/news/1165859269</a></p></li><li><p>&#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253; feature on Estun, 12 June 2025: <a href="https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-06/12/content_353461.html">https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-06/12/content_353461.html</a></p></li><li><p>People&#8217;s Daily Online, &#8220;China&#8217;s robot industry doubles revenue in five years,&#8221; 5 December 2025: <a href="https://en.people.cn/n3/2025/1205/c90000-20398797.html">https://en.people.cn/n3/2025/1205/c90000-20398797.html</a></p></li><li><p>International Federation of Robotics, World Robotics 2025 report press materials: <a href="https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/global-robot-demand-in-factories-doubles-over-10-years">https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/global-robot-demand-in-factories-doubles-over-10-years</a></p></li><li><p>Estun Automation official reporting and H1 2025 market position: <a href="https://en.estun.com/?list_52%2F2288.html=">https://en.estun.com/?list_52%2F2288.html=</a></p></li><li><p>World Economic Forum Global Lighthouse Network press release, 15 January 2026: <a href="https://www.weforum.org/press/2026/01/global-lighthouse-network-recognizes-23-new-sites-launches-ai-platform-for-industrial-transformation/">https://www.weforum.org/press/2026/01/global-lighthouse-network-recognizes-23-new-sites-launches-ai-platform-for-industrial-transformation/</a></p></li><li><p>WEF Yueda Textile case study details: <a href="https://initiatives.weforum.org/global-lighthouse-network/case-study-details/yueda-textile---yancheng---productivity/aJYTG00000018Mv4AI">https://initiatives.weforum.org/global-lighthouse-network/case-study-details/yueda-textile---yancheng---productivity/aJYTG00000018Mv4AI</a></p></li><li><p>Industry comparison citing CRIA and Interact Analysis on reducer market shares (domestic harmonic &gt;35 percent, RV &gt;30 percent by 2025): <a href="https://www.evsint.com/industrial-robot-reducers-harmonic-cycloidal-rv-comparison-2026/">https://www.evsint.com/industrial-robot-reducers-harmonic-cycloidal-rv-comparison-2026/</a></p></li><li><p>Spherical Insights, China Industrial Robotics Market Insights and Future Outlook: <a href="https://www.sphericalinsights.com/our-insights/china-industrial-robotics-market">https://www.sphericalinsights.com/our-insights/china-industrial-robotics-market</a></p></li><li><p><span>Straits Research, China Industrial Robots Market Size &amp; Trends by 2034 (including October 2025 note that Estun Automation became the first domestic manufacturer to rank No. 1 in industrial robot shipment volume in China&#8217;s domestic market): </span><a href="https://straitsresearch.com/report/industrial-robots-market/china"><span>https://straitsresearch.com/report/industrial-robots-market/china</span></a></p></li><li><p><span>Additional Estun Automation official disclosures on core-component self-sufficiency (&gt;95 percent), vertical integration, product ranges and launches: </span><a href="https://en.estun.com/">https://en.estun.com/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p></p><p>______</p><p></p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cerrando el ciclo: Localización y producción auto-reforzada en la robótica industrial china]]></title><description><![CDATA[Publicado 28-julio-2026]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/cerrando-el-ciclo-localizacion-y</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/cerrando-el-ciclo-localizacion-y</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 17:04:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 28-julio-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg" width="960" height="960" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:960,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:554815,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208851673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CznC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40cda25f-54f0-448d-b941-915b26153f8b_960x960.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En un taller de Chengdu, los robots industriales salen de la l&#237;nea de producci&#243;n a un ritmo constante de uno cada doce minutos. Las propias l&#237;neas funcionan con altos niveles de automatizaci&#243;n. M&#225;quinas corp&#243;reas equipadas con sistemas de visi&#243;n tridimensional interpretan entornos de trabajo complejos y cambiantes, deciden acciones y las ejecutan. Cerca, en las instalaciones de Estun Automation, brazos de seis ejes de carga pesada con capacidad de 1,200 kilogramos se someten a pruebas y montaje, con sus componentes principales producidos casi en su totalidad dentro del mismo ecosistema industrial. Estas escenas, reportadas en medios chinos y destacadas en coberturas industriales recientes, capturan un cambio estructural en curso en el mayor mercado mundial de robots industriales.</p><p>China est&#225; pasando de una fuerte dependencia de m&#225;quinas y piezas de precisi&#243;n importadas hacia un sistema m&#225;s autocontenido en el que las empresas nacionales dise&#241;an, construyen y despliegan los robots que a su vez producen m&#225;s robots y los componentes que estos requieren. El proceso est&#225; incompleto, pero la direcci&#243;n es medible en cuotas de mercado, tasas de autosuficiencia y la aparici&#243;n de proveedores especializados.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg" width="964" height="599" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:599,&quot;width&quot;:964,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd" title="Robotic Automation Solutions for Streamlined Operations - LERO Innovation  Ltd" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W8K!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48b65da5-5e32-477c-8f03-a7b5cccbd6c6_964x599.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://lero.co.nz/robotic-automation-solutions/">lero.co.nz</a></p><h3><strong>Por qu&#233; se produce este cambio ahora</strong></h3><p>Varias fuerzas que se refuerzan mutuamente explican la aceleraci&#243;n. La poblaci&#243;n en edad de trabajar de China ha alcanzado su pico y est&#225; disminuyendo. Los oficios cualificados, incluida la soldadura, se enfrentan a escaseces persistentes mientras los costes laborales han aumentado. Los fabricantes de los sectores automotriz, electr&#243;nico, de veh&#237;culos el&#233;ctricos, bater&#237;as y equipos de energ&#237;a renovable requieren mayor precisi&#243;n, mayor tiempo de actividad y mayor flexibilidad de la que las generaciones anteriores de automatizaci&#243;n pod&#237;an ofrecer de forma fiable a escala. La pol&#237;tica ha reforzado los incentivos comerciales. Planes sucesivos bajo el marco Made in China 2025 y estrategias industriales posteriores asignaron prioridad a la rob&#243;tica, fijaron objetivos de localizaci&#243;n y canalizaron capital tanto hacia integradores de sistemas como hacia los especialistas en componentes de precisi&#243;n que los alimentan. La tensi&#243;n geopol&#237;tica y la experiencia de los controles de exportaci&#243;n sobre equipos avanzados han elevado a&#250;n m&#225;s el valor de la capacidad nacional.</p><p>La tecnolog&#237;a tambi&#233;n ha madurado. Los avances en visi&#243;n artificial, software de control en tiempo real y fusi&#243;n de sensores permiten a los robots manejar tareas menos estructuradas. Las mismas capacidades que mejoran el rendimiento en el taller tambi&#233;n mejoran la producci&#243;n de los propios robots, creando las condiciones para los ciclos cerrados ahora visibles en Chengdu y otros lugares.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg" width="808" height="439" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:439,&quot;width&quot;:808,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;World Robotics Report 2025\&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;World Robotics Report 2025\&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="World Robotics Report 2025&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines" title="World Robotics Report 2025&quot; Released: China Dominates Global Market Share,  India Ranks 6th in Comeback, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany See Declines" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wr5A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b7d52fd-987e-457c-ada7-3d80baab909f_808x439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://eu.36kr.com/en/p/3483537185168257">eu.36kr.com</a></p><h3><strong>Trayectoria de la cuota de mercado y el caso de Estun</strong></h3><p>La cuota de las marcas nacionales en el mercado chino de robots industriales pas&#243; del 31.4 por ciento en 2020 al 58.5 por ciento en 2024 seg&#250;n datos oficiales e industriales compilados por la Federaci&#243;n de la Industria de Maquinaria de China y consistentes con las cifras de la Federaci&#243;n Internacional de Rob&#243;tica que muestran aproximadamente el 57 por ciento. Informes posteriores y divulgaciones de empresas sit&#250;an la cifra a&#250;n m&#225;s alta en 2025, con estimaciones en torno al 60 por ciento y nuevas ganancias esperadas. En t&#233;rminos absolutos, China instal&#243; un r&#233;cord de 295,000 robots industriales en 2024, representando el 54 por ciento de los despliegues mundiales, y el stock operativo super&#243; los dos millones de unidades.</p><p>Estun Automation ilustra la dimensi&#243;n corporativa de este cambio. La empresa, que comenz&#243; en accionamientos servo y controladores de movimiento, se ha convertido en el principal proveedor nacional por volumen de env&#237;os y, seg&#250;n m&#250;ltiples informes de 2025, en el l&#237;der general del mercado en China, superando a nombres extranjeros dominantes durante mucho tiempo como Fanuc y ABB en el mercado nacional. Su cuota de mercado en el primer semestre de 2025 alcanz&#243; aproximadamente el 10.5 por ciento incluyendo marcas relacionadas. Estun reporta m&#225;s del 95 por ciento de autosuficiencia en componentes principales para sus robots industriales, incluyendo motores servo, controladores y estructuras mec&#225;nicas. El ER1200, un brazo de seis ejes con capacidad de 1,200 kilogramos, se describe como el primer modelo de carga pesada de su clase totalmente localizado en alcanzar el despliegue masivo. La empresa tambi&#233;n se ha expandido a robots colaborativos, registrando un fuerte crecimiento de env&#237;os a principios de 2026, y ha lanzado un sistema operativo para robots, iER.OS, junto con el lenguaje de programaci&#243;n Juliet desarrollado en colaboraci&#243;n con Cognibotics y dise&#241;ado para compatibilidad con ROS-2.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg" width="1200" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader  in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp; ABB in 2025  to be #1 in China mkt Has vertical&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader  in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp; ABB in 2025  to be #1 in China mkt Has vertical" title="Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader  in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp; ABB in 2025  to be #1 in China mkt Has vertical" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PhNh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4facef2-273f-433d-971c-4140a79e025c_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://x.com/tphuang/status/2081479281058717840">x.com</a></p><p>La integraci&#243;n vertical otorga a Estun control sobre la velocidad de iteraci&#243;n, la estructura de costes y la personalizaci&#243;n. Tambi&#233;n concentra el conocimiento t&#233;cnico dentro de una sola organizaci&#243;n en lugar de a trav&#233;s de una cadena de proveedores extranjeros especializados. El gasto en I+D se ha mantenido cerca del 10 por ciento de los ingresos durante un per&#237;odo prolongado, apoyando tanto la mejora incremental de las l&#237;neas de productos existentes como la exploraci&#243;n de plataformas humanoides.</p><h3><strong>Cuellos de botella en componentes, campeones nacionales y el impulso a la localizaci&#243;n</strong></h3><p>Los reductores de precisi&#243;n y los motores servo de alto rendimiento siguen siendo los elementos m&#225;s exigentes de la cadena de suministro. Los reductores RV, cr&#237;ticos para brazos de carga media y pesada, a&#250;n muestran una autosuficiencia nacional en el rango del 25-35 por ciento seg&#250;n evaluaciones recientes, aunque algunas estimaciones para ciertos proveedores sit&#250;an la cifra m&#225;s alta. Los reductores arm&#243;nicos, m&#225;s comunes en brazos m&#225;s ligeros y robots colaborativos, han avanzado m&#225;s, con productos nacionales representando m&#225;s del 40 por ciento de las unidades instaladas en robots ensamblados en China. Los motores servo para robots humanoides se retrasan de forma m&#225;s sustancial, con ratios nacionales reportados por debajo del 10 por ciento en algunos an&#225;lisis. Los objetivos industriales y de pol&#237;tica aspiran a elevar las ratios nacionales generales de componentes principales por encima del 70 por ciento para 2028.</p><p>Han surgido empresas chinas especializadas como campeones. Leaderdrive, que opera bajo la marca Green Harmonic, se ha convertido en un productor global l&#237;der de reductores arm&#243;nicos y un proveedor importante dentro de China. Shuanghuan Transmission y empresas relacionadas han ampliado la capacidad en reductores RV. Inovance Technology ocupa una posici&#243;n sustancial en sistemas servo y ha desarrollado l&#237;neas de producci&#243;n altamente automatizadas para estos motores. Otras empresas suministran efectores finales y pinzas inteligentes. La inversi&#243;n en estas empresas ha sido sustancial, apoyada tanto por capital privado como por la preferencia pol&#237;tica por proveedores nacionales en proyectos p&#250;blicos y estrat&#233;gicos. El resultado es una sustituci&#243;n gradual pero visible de los componentes de precisi&#243;n japoneses y europeos que anteriormente ocupaban posiciones centrales en la cadena de suministro.</p><p>La calidad y la longevidad en los niveles de rendimiento m&#225;s altos contin&#250;an mejorando, aunque a&#250;n se retrasan en algunas aplicaciones m&#225;s exigentes. La brecha es m&#225;s estrecha en el uso industrial de rango medio, donde las ventajas de coste y entrega del suministro nacional ya son decisivas para muchos fabricantes chinos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg" width="1400" height="788" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:788,&quot;width&quot;:1400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026" title="Industrial Robot Reducer Comparison: Harmonic vs RV 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!atFS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0b29b89-ca2c-4f15-b83f-4712423cf37e_1400x788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.evsint.com/industrial-robot-reducers-harmonic-cycloidal-rv-comparison-2026/">evsint.com</a></p><h3><strong>Difusi&#243;n en el uso final y f&#225;bricas faro</strong></h3><p>La adopci&#243;n se est&#225; extendiendo m&#225;s all&#225; de los bastiones tradicionales del autom&#243;vil y la electr&#243;nica. Los sistemas de soldadura habilitados por IA abordan las escaseces agudas de soldadores cualificados combinando visi&#243;n, reconocimiento de costuras y planificaci&#243;n aut&#243;noma de trayectorias, reduciendo el tiempo de programaci&#243;n de estructuras complejas de horas a minutos. Los env&#237;os de robots colaborativos han crecido r&#225;pidamente. En industrias tradicionales la transformaci&#243;n es igualmente llamativa. Las operaciones de hilatura de algod&#243;n de Jiangsu Yueda han sido reconocidas por el Foro Econ&#243;mico Mundial como la primera f&#225;brica faro en el sector textil algodonero global. La instalaci&#243;n despliega docenas de c&#225;maras inteligentes, flotas de AGV y manipulaci&#243;n automatizada de materiales a trav&#233;s de cientos de miles de husos y una amplia capacidad de telares, entregando grandes vol&#250;menes anuales de hilo y tejido mientras mejora la productividad y reduce el consumo unitario de energ&#237;a.</p><p>Estos ejemplos demuestran que la misma base nacional de robots y componentes que sirve a la fabricaci&#243;n de alta tecnolog&#237;a ahora est&#225; penetrando sectores intensivos en mano de obra que anteriormente se automatizaban m&#225;s lentamente. La difusi&#243;n eleva la densidad general de robots y ampl&#237;a a&#250;n m&#225;s el mercado abordable para los proveedores chinos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine" title="Chinese Robot Manufacturers: Industrial Capacity, Cost &amp; Performance - Robot  Magazine" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G3up!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b02be68-a042-4c90-940e-5ca74fbe788f_2560x1707.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.robot-magazine.fr/en/chinese-robot-manufacturers-industrial-capacity-cost-performance/">robot-magazine.fr</a></p><h3><strong>An&#225;lisis de red de la reconfiguraci&#243;n de la cadena de suministro</strong></h3><p>El ecosistema de robots industriales puede entenderse como una red de m&#250;ltiples capas. Una capa consiste en proveedores de componentes de precisi&#243;n. Una segunda comprende a los fabricantes de equipos originales de robots y a los integradores de sistemas. Una tercera contiene las plantas de usuarios finales que despliegan las m&#225;quinas, incluyendo las f&#225;bricas que producen robots ellas mismas. Los bordes representan contratos de suministro, flujos tecnol&#243;gicos, inversi&#243;n y apoyo pol&#237;tico.</p><p>Hist&#243;ricamente la red se caracterizaba por una alta centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n entre un peque&#241;o n&#250;mero de especialistas extranjeros en componentes, particularmente productores japoneses de reductores RV y arm&#243;nicos y ciertos fabricantes europeos y japoneses de servos y controladores. Los OEM chinos y los usuarios finales depend&#237;an de estos puentes. La configuraci&#243;n actual muestra una densificaci&#243;n medible del subgrafo nacional. El aumento de las cuotas de mercado de los OEM chinos y la mejora de las tasas de autosuficiencia de los componentes clave aumentan el n&#250;mero y la fuerza de los bordes que permanecen enteramente dentro de China. La integraci&#243;n vertical de Estun corta varios enlaces externos al incorporar la producci&#243;n de servos, controladores y estructuras dentro de la empresa. Especialistas nacionales como Leaderdrive, entidades relacionadas con Shuanghuan e Inovance ganan grado y centralidad a medida que los pedidos y el capital se concentran en ellos.</p><p>La adhesi&#243;n preferencial es visible: los &#233;xitos tempranos atraen m&#225;s pedidos, talento y financiaci&#243;n, acelerando las ventajas de escala. La resiliencia mejora porque la eliminaci&#243;n de cualquier nodo extranjero &#250;nico produce efectos de cascada menores que en la topolog&#237;a anterior, m&#225;s dependiente de las importaciones. Lo m&#225;s distintivo es el bucle de retroalimentaci&#243;n positiva, o autocatal&#237;tico, creado cuando las plantas de producci&#243;n de robots se convierten ellas mismas en grandes usuarias de robots y componentes nacionales. Una mayor densidad de robots nacionales aumenta la demanda de reductores, servos y controladores nacionales; la escala y el aprendizaje mejoran el coste y el rendimiento; los costes m&#225;s bajos y la mejor disponibilidad elevan las tasas de adopci&#243;n a&#250;n m&#225;s, incluyendo en las f&#225;bricas de robots que cierran el ciclo. Las instalaciones de Chengdu que ensamblan un robot cada doce minutos encarnan este motivo en forma f&#237;sica.</p><p>Los procesos de red secundarios refuerzan la reconfiguraci&#243;n principal. Las pr&#225;cticas de las f&#225;bricas faro se difunden a trav&#233;s de las redes industriales, transfiriendo conocimiento organizativo de los primeros adoptantes en el autom&#243;vil y la electr&#243;nica a los textiles y otros sectores. La capa de software emergente, incluyendo sistemas operativos de robots y lenguajes de programaci&#243;n de nivel superior, funciona como una red de coordinaci&#243;n que puede acelerar la integraci&#243;n una vez que se alcanza la masa cr&#237;tica.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png" width="1456" height="526" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:526,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1091452,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208851673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe0J!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f3ebccb-7001-42d1-a49e-94b45887e0ad_8192x2960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>Impulsores, limitaciones y respuestas competitivas</strong></h3><p>Los impulsores estructurales ya mencionados (demograf&#237;a, pol&#237;tica, demanda de sectores estrat&#233;gicos y habilitaci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica) contin&#250;an operando. Los efectos de aprendizaje mediante la pr&#225;ctica se acumulan a medida que crece el volumen nacional. Las limitaciones siguen siendo reales. Lograr una precisi&#243;n, durabilidad y rendimiento t&#233;rmico consistentes en el extremo del rango de especificaciones sigue siendo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil para algunos reductores y servos nacionales que para los l&#237;deres extranjeros establecidos. Los ecosistemas de software y las comunidades de desarrolladores se est&#225;n expandiendo, pero a&#250;n no han desplazado a los est&#225;ndares globales de c&#243;digo abierto y propietarios que dominan la investigaci&#243;n avanzada y ciertas aplicaciones de alto valor. La distinci&#243;n entre una captura r&#225;pida impulsada por la escala y una verdadera innovaci&#243;n de frontera sigue visible en los nichos de mayor rendimiento.</p><p>Los proveedores extranjeros incumbentes est&#225;n respondiendo de varias maneras: una localizaci&#243;n m&#225;s profunda de su propia fabricaci&#243;n y abastecimiento dentro de China, concentraci&#243;n en los segmentos premium donde las diferencias de rendimiento siguen siendo mayores, y una mayor atenci&#243;n a los mercados de exportaci&#243;n fuera de China donde las marcas chinas est&#225;n comenzando a competir de forma m&#225;s agresiva. Las propias exportaciones chinas de robots industriales aumentaron bruscamente a principios de 2026, lo que indica que la construcci&#243;n de capacidad nacional ya est&#225; generando presi&#243;n hacia el exterior.</p><h3><strong>Implicaciones m&#225;s amplias y perspectivas</strong></h3><p>Un ecosistema de robots m&#225;s localizado e integrado verticalmente reduce la exposici&#243;n de China a los controles de exportaci&#243;n a nivel de componentes y a las interrupciones del suministro. Tambi&#233;n intensifica la presi&#243;n competitiva sobre los proveedores tradicionales japoneses y europeos dentro del mercado chino y, progresivamente, en mercados de terceros pa&#237;ses sensibles al precio y a la entrega. La misma base de componentes, sistemas de visi&#243;n y pilas de software que sirven a los brazos industriales son relevantes para los sistemas humanoides y corp&#243;reos de prop&#243;sito general, creando un potencial de desbordamiento. En un horizonte m&#225;s largo la pregunta es si los bucles de producci&#243;n y aprendizaje auto-reforzantes ahora visibles generar&#225;n trayectorias de coste y rendimiento capaces de alterar la econom&#237;a manufacturera global y los est&#225;ndares tecnol&#243;gicos.</p><p>Hacia 2028 los objetivos oficiales de localizaci&#243;n de componentes principales siguen siendo ambiciosos. El progreso hasta la fecha sugiere que es probable que contin&#250;en las ganancias en la cuota nacional y la autosuficiencia, particularmente en aplicaciones de rango medio y en la producci&#243;n de los propios robots. Los segmentos de mayor precisi&#243;n avanzar&#225;n de forma m&#225;s gradual. La estructura de red que ha surgido, m&#225;s densa, m&#225;s modular y parcialmente de ciclo cerrado, ya es distinta de la configuraci&#243;n dependiente de las importaciones de hace una d&#233;cada.</p><h3><strong>Conclusi&#243;n</strong></h3><p>El sector de robots industriales de China ha pasado de participante perif&#233;rico al centro tanto de la demanda global como, cada vez m&#225;s, del suministro nacional. La combinaci&#243;n del aumento de la cuota de mercado, la integraci&#243;n vertical en empresas l&#237;deres como Estun, la aparici&#243;n de campeones especializados en componentes y la realidad f&#237;sica de f&#225;bricas de robots altamente automatizadas produce un sistema que est&#225; comenzando a alimentarse a s&#237; mismo. Los robots est&#225;n construyendo robots, y al hacerlo est&#225;n estrechando los bucles industriales y tecnol&#243;gicos que determinan el coste, la resiliencia y la posici&#243;n competitiva. La transformaci&#243;n no est&#225; completa ni libre de dependencias residuales, pero las din&#225;micas de red ya observables apuntan a un cambio duradero en la forma en que uno de los ecosistemas manufactureros m&#225;s importantes del mundo organiza sus capacidades de automatizaci&#243;n.</p><h3><strong>Fuentes</strong></h3><ul><li><p>Hilo de tphuang en X, 26 de julio de 2026: </p></li></ul><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/tphuang/status/2081479281058717840&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Major reporting recently on China's robot industry. Estun, China's leader in industrial robots, got featured on &#31185;&#25216;&#26085;&#25253;. It overtook Fanuc &amp;amp; ABB in 2025 to be #1 in China mkt\n\nHas vertical integration w/ servo, controller, body &amp;amp; &amp;gt; 95% core component self sufficiency.\n\nER1200, &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;tphuang&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;tphuang&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1941247081915559936/HzZR1oFr_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-26T20:38:27.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOLiT1OXAAAfIsv.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/uI5dIccTeN&quot;},{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOLiVujX0AAuNCN.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/uI5dIccTeN&quot;},{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/media/HOLibHoW8AAV5U8.jpg&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/uI5dIccTeN&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:2,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:20,&quot;like_count&quot;:98,&quot;impression_count&quot;:9347,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_preview_media_key&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><ul><li><p> y publicaciones posteriores en la conversaci&#243;n (incluyendo medios de robots Estun, gr&#225;ficos de componentes y taller de hilatura de algod&#243;n).</p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CXMT’s Historic Debut ]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Quiet Rewiring of the World&#8217;s Memory Chip Networks]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/cxmts-historic-debut</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/cxmts-historic-debut</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 17:05:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Published 27-july-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:259013,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208709157?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RbDP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e8b2cb8-9c8a-4520-b2e2-fd2affaae0e8_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>On the morning of 27 July 2026 the Shanghai STAR Market opened to a scene that will be remembered as one of the more striking single-day events in modern equity history. ChangXin Memory Technologies, better known as CXMT, the Chinese DRAM producer that had spent a decade building capacity under the radar of most Western investors, listed at 8.66 yuan a share. By the close it stood near 49 yuan, a gain of roughly 465 per cent. The company&#8217;s market capitalisation leapt from the IPO valuation of about 85.5 billion dollars to nearly 500 billion dollars. In a matter of hours CXMT became the most valuable company listed on any mainland Chinese exchange, briefly overtaking the country&#8217;s largest banks.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png" width="581" height="409" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:409,&quot;width&quot;:581,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xglj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58f53226-201d-4e40-83b2-0f12cf91396c_581x409.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HOPIFU1XEAANN1V.png">pbs.twimg.com</a></p><p>The listing crystallised several longer-running forces that have been reshaping the memory industry for years: the voracious appetite for DRAM and high-bandwidth memory created by artificial-intelligence training clusters, China&#8217;s deliberate construction of a domestic semiconductor industrial base, and the progressive tightening of technology transfer channels between the United States and its allies on one side and Chinese manufacturers on the other. The IPO simply made those forces visible in a single, dramatic price signal.</p><h3>Anatomy of the Listing</h3><p>CXMT raised between 57.9 billion and 66.6 billion yuan, equivalent to roughly 8.6 to 9.8 billion dollars depending on the exercise of the greenshoe. The offering ranked as Asia&#8217;s largest initial public offering of 2026 and the biggest semiconductor flotation ever completed on a mainland exchange. Strategic investors included vehicles linked to Alibaba, Tencent and Xiaomi, alongside state pension funds and provincial investment platforms. Online retail demand was reported at more than two hundred times the available shares in some tranches.</p><p>The company had guided for an implied valuation near 85 billion dollars at the IPO price. The first-day close took that figure past the half-trillion-dollar mark. For context, the valuation now exceeds that of several established Western semiconductor firms that have spent decades building global customer relationships and process technology.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg" width="1200" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China's valuation with 466% surge in  Shanghai debut | Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China's valuation with 466% surge in  Shanghai debut | Reuters" title="Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China's valuation with 466% surge in  Shanghai debut | Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9vCh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412db53e-c6a2-4253-8261-b60467b6da61_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-memory-chipmaker-cxmt-set-shanghai-debut-after-asias-biggest-ipo-2026-07-26/">reuters.com</a></p><h3>The Evolution fo CXMT</h3><p>CXMT was established in 2016 in Hefei, Anhui province, with seed capital from the local economic development zone. From the outset it operated as a classic national champion: heavy state ownership, patient capital from successive phases of the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund (the Big Fund), and a clear mandate to master DRAM design and fabrication. By 2025 Hefei-linked entities still held the largest single block of shares, around 37 per cent, while the broader state and policy-fund complex approached half the equity.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;CXMT: a symbol of China's chip industry revival? | IDNFinancials&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="CXMT: a symbol of China's chip industry revival? | IDNFinancials" title="CXMT: a symbol of China's chip industry revival? | IDNFinancials" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hcgg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23543e65-d136-4f2e-8d38-35d3af240dbd_1600x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.idnfinancials.com/news/66558/cxmt-a-symbol-of-chinas-chip-industry-revival">idnfinancials.com</a></p><p>Technology progress has been steady if not yet fully competitive at the leading edge. The company moved from early LPDDR4 and DDR4 production on relatively mature nodes to DDR5 and LPDDR5 products. Capacity has expanded from tens of thousands of wafers per month in the early years to levels that, by the end of 2026, are expected to approach or exceed 350 000 wafer starts per month. Analysts project that CXMT&#8217;s share of global DRAM bit shipments will continue rising from the 8 per cent recorded in the first quarter of 2026. That figure itself represents a more than doubling from the same period a year earlier.</p><p>The firm has not yet matched the process density, yields or high-bandwidth memory capabilities of the three established leaders. Yet the trajectory is unmistakable. Revenue in the first quarter of 2026 rose more than 700 per cent year-on-year as prices recovered and domestic customers absorbed increasing volumes.</p><h3>The AI Demand Engine</h3><p>Memory had always been cyclical. The current up-cycle is different in kind because of the architecture of large-scale AI systems. Training and inference clusters for frontier models require enormous quantities of high-bandwidth memory stacked beside the accelerators. Conventional DRAM still fills the bulk of the system, but the performance bottleneck has shifted toward HBM. NVIDIA&#8217;s successive GPU generations, together with competing accelerators from AMD, Google, Amazon and Chinese designers, have locked in multi-year demand for both categories.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Nvidia announces reference design for colossal gigawatt-scale Omniverse DSX data  centers &#8212; single data center requires a nuclear reactor's worth of power  generation | Tom's Hardware&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Nvidia announces reference design for colossal gigawatt-scale Omniverse DSX data  centers &#8212; single data center requires a nuclear reactor's worth of power  generation | Tom's Hardware" title="Nvidia announces reference design for colossal gigawatt-scale Omniverse DSX data  centers &#8212; single data center requires a nuclear reactor's worth of power  generation | Tom's Hardware" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ekA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d52dc8d-1d1d-4b9b-93d1-51b55123a811_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/artificial-intelligence/nvidia-announces-reference-design-for-gargantuan-gigawatt-scale-omniverse-dsx-data-centers-single-data-center-requires-a-nuclear-reactors-worth-of-power-generation">tomshardware.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png" width="1077" height="601" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:601,&quot;width&quot;:1077,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Infinite AI Compute Loop: HBM Big Three + TSMC &#215; NVIDIA &#215; OpenAI  Shaping the Next-Generation Industry Chain&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Infinite AI Compute Loop: HBM Big Three + TSMC &#215; NVIDIA &#215; OpenAI  Shaping the Next-Generation Industry Chain" title="The Infinite AI Compute Loop: HBM Big Three + TSMC &#215; NVIDIA &#215; OpenAI  Shaping the Next-Generation Industry Chain" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://tspasemiconductor.substack.com/p/the-infinite-ai-compute-loop-hbm">tspasemiconductor.substack.com</a></p><p>Hyperscaler capital expenditure has risen sharply. The same demand has lifted commodity DRAM prices, producing the profit swing that made CXMT&#8217;s IPO timing almost ideal. China itself has become a major exporter of the supporting hardware. Trailing twelve-month figures for chip, computer-component and power-equipment exports linked to AI infrastructure have reached records near 720 billion dollars. Integrated-circuit export values alone nearly doubled in the first half of 2026, driven in large part by memory pricing and volume.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg" width="738" height="414" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:414,&quot;width&quot;:738,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The HBM Illusion: Why a 72-GPU Rack Does Not Have a 20TB Memory Pool&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The HBM Illusion: Why a 72-GPU Rack Does Not Have a 20TB Memory Pool" title="The HBM Illusion: Why a 72-GPU Rack Does Not Have a 20TB Memory Pool" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hkTB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d65fa0e-defe-4bfa-847c-9aa8dc1c7f7b_738x414.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/hbm-illusion-why-72-gpu-rack-does-have-20tb-memory-pool-venugopal-bqhnc">linkedin.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg" width="826" height="465" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:465,&quot;width&quot;:826,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Researchers turn HBM on its side to tackle AI memory's heat wall &#8212; Korean  V-Die and Japanese MOSAIC designs promise higher bandwidth, denser stacks,  and cooler future GPUs | Tom's Hardware&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Researchers turn HBM on its side to tackle AI memory's heat wall &#8212; Korean  V-Die and Japanese MOSAIC designs promise higher bandwidth, denser stacks,  and cooler future GPUs | Tom's Hardware" title="Researchers turn HBM on its side to tackle AI memory's heat wall &#8212; Korean  V-Die and Japanese MOSAIC designs promise higher bandwidth, denser stacks,  and cooler future GPUs | Tom's Hardware" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HdlE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61309488-36de-4965-91ae-dddfa2164c01_826x465.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/researchers-turn-hbm-on-its-side-to-tackle-ai-memorys-heat-wall-korean-v-die-and-japanese-mosaic-designs-promise-higher-bandwidth-denser-stacks-and-cooler-future-gpus">tomshardware.com</a></p><h3>Industrial Policy and the Geopolitical Frame</h3><p>China&#8217;s semiconductor strategy has been explicit for more than a decade. Made in China 2025 and the subsequent dual-circulation policy placed memory chips near the top of the priority list. Successive Big Fund injections, local government co-investment, preferential land and power arrangements, and targeted talent programmes have created a financing environment that private Western firms cannot match in scale or patience.</p><p>The strategy intensified after the series of United States export-control measures that began in 2018 and tightened through 2022&#8211;2025. Advanced lithography tools from ASML, certain etch and deposition equipment from Applied Materials and Lam Research, and electronic design automation software were placed under licence requirements or outright bans for Chinese entities. Japan and the Netherlands aligned with many of the same restrictions. The practical effect was to slow Chinese progress on the most advanced process nodes while leaving older and mid-range DRAM production relatively less constrained.</p><p>CXMT has responded by accelerating domestic equipment substitution where possible, redesigning process flows around available tools, and concentrating capital on capacity that can serve the large Chinese server, smartphone and PC markets. The IPO proceeds are earmarked for further capacity, technology upgrades and research into higher-performance memory, including early HBM efforts.</p><h3>The Competitive Arena</h3><p>The global DRAM industry has long been an oligopoly. In the first quarter of 2026 Samsung held approximately 38 per cent of revenue share, SK Hynix 29 per cent and Micron 22 per cent. CXMT&#8217;s 8 per cent placed it fourth, ahead of smaller Taiwanese producers. The three leaders still dominate advanced HBM, where SK Hynix in particular has maintained a commanding position.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png" width="1456" height="831" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:831,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026 Driven by  AI Data Center Boom&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026 Driven by  AI Data Center Boom" title="Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026 Driven by  AI Data Center Boom" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b9r5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e0c419-e71b-45ad-ac4a-ddeee4b24858_1535x876.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-revenue-surges-to-near-dollar-100-billion-mark-in-q1-2026">counterpointresearch.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp" width="1456" height="934" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:934,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;China's CXMT Is Coming to Crash the Memory-Chip Party - Bloomberg&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="China's CXMT Is Coming to Crash the Memory-Chip Party - Bloomberg" title="China's CXMT Is Coming to Crash the Memory-Chip Party - Bloomberg" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B2O4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e513af0-2f35-49c1-8131-8784dc68cf0b_2010x1290.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2026-07-15/china-s-cxmt-is-coming-to-crash-the-memory-chip-party">bloomberg.com</a></p><p>CXMT&#8217;s cost structure benefits from lower capital costs and domestic scale. Its process technology trails the leaders, particularly in the most advanced nodes and in HBM stacking yields. Pricing power therefore remains limited outside China. Yet the company&#8217;s planned capacity additions through 2027 and 2028 are large enough to influence global supply balances. If the AI memory supercycle continues, the incremental Chinese output can be absorbed. If demand moderates, the risk of overcapacity and price pressure rises for the entire industry.</p><h3>Valuation and Markets</h3><p>Chinese equity markets, particularly the STAR Market, have a well-documented capacity for extreme first-day moves when free float is tight and retail participation is high. The CXMT debut sits at the upper end of that historical range. Comparisons with the 2020 SMIC listing on the same board are inevitable; the scale and the AI narrative this time are larger.</p><p>Valuation multiples at the post-IPO price place CXMT at a substantial premium to the global peers on current earnings, though the premium narrows if one accepts the growth trajectory implied by capacity plans and market-share gains. Strategic investors who entered at the IPO price enjoy paper gains that are already transformative. Retail investors who bought in the secondary market face a different risk-reward profile.</p><p>The episode also illustrates the broader shift in Chinese capital allocation toward technology self-reliance themes. Equity ownership of Chinese households, pensions and funds has reached record levels. Technology names absorb a rising share of that capital.</p><h3>Risks on the Horizon</h3><p>Several constraints remain. Advanced HBM technology, critical for the highest-performance AI systems, is still dominated by the Korean and American producers. Yield and reliability at the leading edge continue to lag. Further tightening of export controls could slow capacity expansion or raise costs. Domestic overcapacity is a recurring risk in Chinese industrial policy cycles; if global AI investment pauses, the additional Chinese wafers could pressure prices industry-wide.</p><p>Geopolitical escalation remains possible. Western governments and companies continue to evaluate supply-chain concentration risks. Chinese policymakers, for their part, view memory independence as a strategic necessity. The two positions are not easily reconciled.</p><h3>Network Analysis: Mapping the Reconfiguration of the DRAM Ecosystem</h3><p>The CXMT IPO provides a clear empirical window onto a deeper structural change: the reconfiguration of the global DRAM supply-chain network under the twin pressures of AI demand and technological decoupling.</p><p>Consider the ecosystem as a complex adaptive network. The principal nodes are the four major DRAM producers (CXMT, Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron), the critical equipment suppliers (ASML, Applied Materials, Lam Research, Tokyo Electron), materials and specialty-chemical providers, the major customers (NVIDIA and other accelerator designers, hyperscalers, Chinese AI firms and OEMs), and the state and regulatory actors capable of adding or removing connections.</p><p>Edges represent physical trade in wafers, tools and chemicals, technology licensing or its absence, capital and ownership links, talent mobility, and long-term supply contracts.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png" width="1456" height="428" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:428,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1065711,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208709157?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7kWC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F375c5a8c-7b1a-4d83-84ab-7845cd5edf2f_8192x2406.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In network terms the most visible change is the rise in CXMT&#8217;s degree and eigenvector centrality. The capital raised in the IPO expands its ability to form new domestic supplier and customer edges, increasing its connectivity inside the Chinese subgraph. Simultaneously the betweenness centrality of the restricted Western equipment nodes remains high: they continue to act as critical bridges for the traditional producers while their edges to Chinese firms have been thinned or cut.</p><p>Community detection algorithms applied to trade and ownership data would show rising modularity. A denser Chinese domestic cluster is forming, with tighter internal capital, equipment-substitution and customer links, while the traditional East-Asian and Western cluster retains its own dense interconnections. The global network is becoming more modular, less fully connected.</p><p>Robustness analysis points in two directions. China&#8217;s internal densification improves local resilience to external edge removal. The global network as a whole becomes more brittle in the sense that shocks now propagate along parallel rather than integrated paths; a disruption in one cluster does not automatically cascade to the other, yet the loss of cross-cluster redundancy reduces overall flexibility.</p><p>Preferential attachment is visible in the capital flows. AI demand functions as a fitness parameter. Nodes that can credibly claim exposure to that demand attract disproportionate investment. The CXMT IPO is a large, discrete injection of that preferential capital into the Chinese node.</p><p>Cascading effects follow standard production-network dynamics. A substantial capacity addition by CXMT alters utilisation rates and pricing signals that travel through customer and competitor edges. An intensification of AI demand raises the fitness of every memory node and accelerates investment decisions across the graph. Conversely, a further tightening of export controls removes edges and forces reconfiguration of process recipes and supplier relationships, with attendant delays and cost increases.</p><p>The single day&#8217;s price action therefore functions as a high-resolution observation of a slower topological shift that has been under way for several years.</p><h3>Perspective</h3><p>Earlier Chinese technology listings, notably SMIC&#8217;s 2020 STAR Market debut, produced sharp first-day gains but faced subsequent technology and market-access constraints. The memory cycle of 2017&#8211;2018 showed how rapidly capacity additions can turn scarcity into surplus. The present episode combines elements of both: policy-driven capacity build-out meeting a genuine, technology-driven demand surge.</p><p>Over the next two to five years the memory market will be shaped by three variables: the durability of hyperscaler AI investment, the speed at which CXMT and other Chinese producers close remaining technology gaps, and the evolution of export-control regimes. Capacity plans already announced imply that Chinese DRAM output will continue to gain share. Whether that share is absorbed smoothly or produces periods of excess supply will depend on the first variable more than the second.</p><p>For global supply security the parallel-network structure reduces single-point dependence on any one geography while increasing the cost and complexity of managing a bifurcated system. For investors the valuation placed on CXMT prices in substantial future centrality gains. The accuracy of that pricing will be tested by execution on technology, yields and customer qualification over the coming cycles.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The events of 27 July 2026 did not create the new architecture of the memory industry. They simply made its outlines visible in a single, extraordinary market session. The capital now available to CXMT will accelerate the very network reconfiguration that the valuation already anticipates. How that reconfiguration settles will influence not only the profitability of four DRAM producers but the cost and availability of the memory that underpins the next generation of computing systems.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China&#8217;s valuation with 466% surge in Shanghai debut&#8221;, 27 July 2026: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-memory-chipmaker-cxmt-set-shanghai-debut-after-asias-biggest-ipo-2026-07-26/">https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-memory-chipmaker-cxmt-set-shanghai-debut-after-asias-biggest-ipo-2026-07-26/</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;Explainer: What is CXMT and how did it become China&#8217;s DRAM champion&#8221;, 15 July 2026: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-is-cxmt-how-did-it-become-chinas-dram-champion-2026-07-15/">https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-is-cxmt-how-did-it-become-chinas-dram-champion-2026-07-15/</a></p></li><li><p>Counterpoint Research, &#8220;Global DRAM and HBM Market Share: Quarterly&#8221;, June 2026: <a href="https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-and-hbm-market-share">https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-and-hbm-market-share</a></p></li><li><p>Counterpoint Research, &#8220;Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026&#8221;, May 2026: <a href="https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-revenue-surges-to-near-dollar-100-billion-mark-in-q1-2026">https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-revenue-surges-to-near-dollar-100-billion-mark-in-q1-2026</a></p></li><li><p>SemiAnalysis, &#8220;China&#8217;s CXMT Is Set to Challenge DRAM Incumbents&#8221;, June 2026: </p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:203118960,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/chinas-cxmt-is-set-to-challenge-dram&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:6349492,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:1593863,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;SemiAnalysis&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-cKQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc56db922-37c2-4d28-baac-2f4653e1ab00_512x512.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;China&#8217;s CXMT Is Set to Challenge DRAM Incumbents&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;We were the first to describe the memory shortage coming from AI&#8217;s insatiable usage in reasoning and agentic flows in late 2024 on the newsletter. 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href="https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/chinas-cxmt-is-set-to-challenge-dram?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;embedding_publication_id=1593863"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-cKQ!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc56db922-37c2-4d28-baac-2f4653e1ab00_512x512.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">SemiAnalysis</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">China&#8217;s CXMT Is Set to Challenge DRAM Incumbents</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">We were the first to describe the memory shortage coming from AI&#8217;s insatiable usage in reasoning and agentic flows in late 2024 on the newsletter. We have since previously published multiple in-depth pieces on memory, as well as detailed coverage of CXMT and China&#8217;s compute. With CXMT set to IPO in the coming months, we believe a dedicated deep dive on them specifically is warranted. The company&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">2 months ago &#183; 195 likes &#183; 2 comments &#183; Ray Wang, Myron Xie, Dylan Patel, Junsung Kim, Sravan Kundojjala, and Louis Lu</div></a></div><ul><li><p>South China Morning Post, &#8220;China&#8217;s CXMT valued at US$85 billion in record Shanghai IPO&#8221;, 15 July 2026: <a href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360615/china-memory-giant-cxmt-valued-us85-billion-record-shanghai-ipo">https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360615/china-memory-giant-cxmt-valued-us85-billion-record-shanghai-ipo</a></p></li><li><p>Wall Street Journal, &#8220;China&#8217;s CXMT Eyes $85.5 Billion Market Cap Ahead of Blockbuster IPO&#8221;, 15 July 2026: <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/chinas-cxmt-eyes-85-5-billion-market-cap-ahead-of-blockbuster-ipo-da13d61c">https://www.wsj.com/tech/chinas-cxmt-eyes-85-5-billion-market-cap-ahead-of-blockbuster-ipo-da13d61c</a></p></li><li><p>Bloomberg / Yahoo Finance coverage of the debut and valuation: <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/technology/articles/chinese-chipmaker-cxmt-soars-more-033846433.html">https://finance.yahoo.com/technology/articles/chinese-chipmaker-cxmt-soars-more-033846433.html</a></p></li><li><p>Fortune, &#8220;A Chinese chip maker&#8217;s shares surged 466% in their first day of trading&#8221;, 27 July 2026: <a href="https://fortune.com/2026/07/27/cxmt-china-biggest-ipo-since-2010/">https://fortune.com/2026/07/27/cxmt-china-biggest-ipo-since-2010/</a></p></li><li><p>BBC, reporting on free-float dynamics and market reaction, 27 July 2026: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9q9w3x9qn2o">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9q9w3x9qn2o</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters / Chinese customs data on AI-related exports, July 2026: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-june-trade-tops-forecasts-buoyed-by-ai-boom-2026-07-14/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-june-trade-tops-forecasts-buoyed-by-ai-boom-2026-07-14/</a></p></li><li><p>SCMP, &#8220;Global AI boom sees China&#8217;s chip exports nearly double in first half of year&#8221;, 14 July 2026: <a href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360503/global-ai-boom-sees-chinas-chip-exports-nearly-double-first-half-year">https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360503/global-ai-boom-sees-chinas-chip-exports-nearly-double-first-half-year</a></p></li><li><p>Wikipedia entry on ChangXin Memory Technologies (updated 2026): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies</a></p></li><li><p>CXMT website: <a href="https://www.cxmt.com/en/">https://www.cxmt.com/en/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>______</p><p><em><strong>About the Author</strong></em></p><p>Jose Luis Chavez Calva is an independent international consultant and economist specialising in energy markets, technology, network theory and innovation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Essex and previously served in Mexico&#8217;s Ministry of Finance (SHCP) and as Head of the Electricity Market at the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). He has been an independent advisor for the last 10 years and has more than 18 years of professional experience. He is a recipient of Scholarship Awards for Graduate Studies from the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico and also of the 2011 National Public Finance Award of the Mexican Congress of the Union.</p><p>All original ideas are not his, but all wrong facts are entirely his own. This article is not investment advise.</p><p><span>Full archive of articles: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El debut histórico de CXMT]]></title><description><![CDATA[La silenciosa reconfiguraci&#243;n de las redes mundiales de chips de memoria]]></description><link>https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/el-debut-historico-de-cxmt</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/p/el-debut-historico-de-cxmt</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[JOSE LUIS CHAVEZ CALVA]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 17:03:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Publicado 27-julio-2026</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg" width="1024" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:300115,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208709106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pblX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7017be76-173b-49ef-8ab0-b10b3600c881_1024x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En la ma&#241;ana del 27 de julio de 2026, el mercado STAR de Shangh&#225;i abri&#243; con una escena que ser&#225; recordada como uno de los eventos de un solo d&#237;a m&#225;s impactantes en la historia moderna de los mercados de valores. ChangXin Memory Technologies, m&#225;s conocida como CXMT, el productor chino de DRAM que hab&#237;a pasado una d&#233;cada construyendo capacidad fuera del radar de la mayor&#237;a de los inversionistas occidentales, cotiz&#243; a 8.66 yuanes por acci&#243;n. Al cierre se situ&#243; cerca de los 49 yuanes, una ganancia de aproximadamente el 465 por ciento. La capitalizaci&#243;n de mercado de la compa&#241;&#237;a salt&#243; de la valoraci&#243;n del IPO de unos 85,500 millones de d&#243;lares a casi 500,000 millones de d&#243;lares. En cuesti&#243;n de horas, CXMT se convirti&#243; en la empresa m&#225;s valiosa cotizada en cualquier bolsa de la China continental, superando brevemente a los mayores bancos del pa&#237;s.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png" width="581" height="409" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:409,&quot;width&quot;:581,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!br3W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47e73b27-feab-4408-8e12-2c3f6965ec3c_581x409.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HOPIFU1XEAANN1V.png">pbs.twimg.com</a></p><p>El listado cristaliz&#243; varias fuerzas de m&#225;s largo aliento que han estado remodelando la industria de la memoria durante a&#241;os: el apetito voraz por DRAM y memoria de alto ancho de banda creado por los cl&#250;steres de entrenamiento de inteligencia artificial, la construcci&#243;n deliberada por parte de China de una base industrial de semiconductores dom&#233;stica, y el endurecimiento progresivo de los canales de transferencia tecnol&#243;gica entre Estados Unidos y sus aliados, por un lado, y los fabricantes chinos, por el otro. El IPO simplemente hizo visibles esas fuerzas en una sola se&#241;al de precio dram&#225;tica.</p><h3>Anatom&#237;a de la cotizaci&#243;n</h3><p>CXMT recaud&#243; entre 57,900 y 66,600 millones de yuanes, equivalentes a aproximadamente 8,600 a 9,800 millones de d&#243;lares seg&#250;n el ejercicio del greenshoe. La oferta se ubic&#243; como la mayor oferta p&#250;blica inicial de Asia en 2026 y la mayor flotaci&#243;n de semiconductores jam&#225;s completada en una bolsa de la China continental. Los inversionistas estrat&#233;gicos incluyeron veh&#237;culos vinculados a Alibaba, Tencent y Xiaomi, junto con fondos de pensiones estatales y plataformas de inversi&#243;n provinciales. La demanda minorista en l&#237;nea se report&#243; en m&#225;s de doscientas veces las acciones disponibles en algunas tramos.</p><p>La compa&#241;&#237;a hab&#237;a guiado una valoraci&#243;n impl&#237;cita cercana a los 85,000 millones de d&#243;lares al precio del IPO. El cierre del primer d&#237;a llev&#243; esa cifra m&#225;s all&#225; de la marca del medio bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares. Como contexto, la valoraci&#243;n ahora supera a la de varias firmas de semiconductores occidentales establecidas que han pasado d&#233;cadas construyendo relaciones globales con clientes y tecnolog&#237;a de procesos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg" width="1200" height="800" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:800,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China's valuation with 466% surge in  Shanghai debut | Reuters&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China's valuation with 466% surge in  Shanghai debut | Reuters" title="Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China's valuation with 466% surge in  Shanghai debut | Reuters" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cgte!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6637b2e2-42c6-4a92-936c-05a3c2bebfcb_1200x800.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-memory-chipmaker-cxmt-set-shanghai-debut-after-asias-biggest-ipo-2026-07-26/">reuters.com</a></p><h3>La evoluci&#243;n de CXMT</h3><p>CXMT se estableci&#243; en 2016 en Hefei, provincia de Anhui, con capital semilla de la zona de desarrollo econ&#243;mico local. Desde el principio oper&#243; como un campe&#243;n nacional cl&#225;sico: fuerte propiedad estatal, capital paciente de las sucesivas fases del Fondo Nacional de Inversi&#243;n en la Industria de Circuitos Integrados (el Big Fund) y un mandato claro de dominar el dise&#241;o y la fabricaci&#243;n de DRAM. Para 2025, las entidades vinculadas a Hefei todav&#237;a pose&#237;an el mayor bloque individual de acciones, alrededor del 37 por ciento, mientras que el complejo m&#225;s amplio de fondos estatales y de pol&#237;tica se acercaba a la mitad del capital.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;CXMT: a symbol of China's chip industry revival? | IDNFinancials&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="CXMT: a symbol of China's chip industry revival? | IDNFinancials" title="CXMT: a symbol of China's chip industry revival? | IDNFinancials" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYVc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9326dc6-da8e-4068-92c3-f4bd594d745f_1600x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.idnfinancials.com/news/66558/cxmt-a-symbol-of-chinas-chip-industry-revival">idnfinancials.com</a></p><p>El progreso tecnol&#243;gico ha sido constante, aunque a&#250;n no completamente competitivo en el borde de vanguardia. La compa&#241;&#237;a pas&#243; de la producci&#243;n temprana de LPDDR4 y DDR4 en nodos relativamente maduros a productos DDR5 y LPDDR5. La capacidad se expandi&#243; desde decenas de miles de wafers por mes en los primeros a&#241;os hasta niveles que, para finales de 2026, se espera que se acerquen o superen las 350,000 arranques de wafers por mes. Los analistas proyectan que la participaci&#243;n de CXMT en los env&#237;os globales de bits de DRAM seguir&#225; aumentando desde el 8 por ciento registrado en el primer trimestre de 2026. Esa cifra en s&#237; misma representa m&#225;s del doble respecto al mismo per&#237;odo del a&#241;o anterior.</p><p>La firma a&#250;n no ha igualado la densidad de procesos, los rendimientos ni las capacidades de memoria de alto ancho de banda de los tres l&#237;deres establecidos. Sin embargo, la trayectoria es inconfundible. Los ingresos en el primer trimestre de 2026 aumentaron m&#225;s del 700 por ciento interanual a medida que los precios se recuperaban y los clientes dom&#233;sticos absorb&#237;an vol&#250;menes crecientes.</p><h3>El motor de la demanda de IA</h3><p>La memoria siempre hab&#237;a sido c&#237;clica. El ciclo alcista actual es diferente en naturaleza debido a la arquitectura de los sistemas de IA a gran escala. Los cl&#250;steres de entrenamiento e inferencia para modelos de frontera requieren cantidades enormes de memoria de alto ancho de banda apilada junto a los aceleradores. La DRAM convencional todav&#237;a llena la mayor parte del sistema, pero el cuello de botella de rendimiento se ha desplazado hacia la HBM. Las sucesivas generaciones de GPU de NVIDIA, junto con los aceleradores competidores de AMD, Google, Amazon y dise&#241;adores chinos, han fijado una demanda de varios a&#241;os para ambas categor&#237;as.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Nvidia announces reference design for colossal gigawatt-scale Omniverse DSX data  centers &#8212; single data center requires a nuclear reactor's worth of power  generation | Tom's Hardware&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Nvidia announces reference design for colossal gigawatt-scale Omniverse DSX data  centers &#8212; single data center requires a nuclear reactor's worth of power  generation | Tom's Hardware" title="Nvidia announces reference design for colossal gigawatt-scale Omniverse DSX data  centers &#8212; single data center requires a nuclear reactor's worth of power  generation | Tom's Hardware" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBrQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79892e12-26c4-4785-b3fc-3f5054a45ab2_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/artificial-intelligence/nvidia-announces-reference-design-for-gargantuan-gigawatt-scale-omniverse-dsx-data-centers-single-data-center-requires-a-nuclear-reactors-worth-of-power-generation">tomshardware.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png" width="1077" height="601" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:601,&quot;width&quot;:1077,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Infinite AI Compute Loop: HBM Big Three + TSMC &#215; NVIDIA &#215; OpenAI  Shaping the Next-Generation Industry Chain&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Infinite AI Compute Loop: HBM Big Three + TSMC &#215; NVIDIA &#215; OpenAI  Shaping the Next-Generation Industry Chain" title="The Infinite AI Compute Loop: HBM Big Three + TSMC &#215; NVIDIA &#215; OpenAI  Shaping the Next-Generation Industry Chain" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bAJA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4be15b74-e0cf-457f-a308-297d7aae9c49_1077x601.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://tspasemiconductor.substack.com/p/the-infinite-ai-compute-loop-hbm">tspasemiconductor.substack.com</a></p><p>El gasto de capital de los hiperescaladores ha aumentado de forma pronunciada. La misma demanda ha elevado los precios de la DRAM de commodities, produciendo el giro de utilidades que hizo que el momento del IPO de CXMT fuera casi ideal. China misma se ha convertido en un importante exportador del hardware de soporte. Las cifras de los &#250;ltimos doce meses para exportaciones de chips, componentes de computadoras y equipos de potencia vinculados a la infraestructura de IA han alcanzado r&#233;cords cercanos a los 720,000 millones de d&#243;lares. Solo el valor de las exportaciones de circuitos integrados casi se duplic&#243; en el primer semestre de 2026, impulsado en gran medida por los precios y vol&#250;menes de memoria.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg" width="738" height="414" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:414,&quot;width&quot;:738,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The HBM Illusion: Why a 72-GPU Rack Does Not Have a 20TB Memory Pool&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The HBM Illusion: Why a 72-GPU Rack Does Not Have a 20TB Memory Pool" title="The HBM Illusion: Why a 72-GPU Rack Does Not Have a 20TB Memory Pool" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x_oP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccacbcb4-6e99-4bd1-a2b2-e6f85e9dea42_738x414.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/hbm-illusion-why-72-gpu-rack-does-have-20tb-memory-pool-venugopal-bqhnc">linkedin.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg" width="826" height="465" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:465,&quot;width&quot;:826,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Researchers turn HBM on its side to tackle AI memory's heat wall &#8212; Korean  V-Die and Japanese MOSAIC designs promise higher bandwidth, denser stacks,  and cooler future GPUs | Tom's Hardware&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Researchers turn HBM on its side to tackle AI memory's heat wall &#8212; Korean  V-Die and Japanese MOSAIC designs promise higher bandwidth, denser stacks,  and cooler future GPUs | Tom's Hardware" title="Researchers turn HBM on its side to tackle AI memory's heat wall &#8212; Korean  V-Die and Japanese MOSAIC designs promise higher bandwidth, denser stacks,  and cooler future GPUs | Tom's Hardware" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRcB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec7fc081-b154-48fb-b764-1c022bed7739_826x465.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/researchers-turn-hbm-on-its-side-to-tackle-ai-memorys-heat-wall-korean-v-die-and-japanese-mosaic-designs-promise-higher-bandwidth-denser-stacks-and-cooler-future-gpus">tomshardware.com</a></p><h3>Pol&#237;tica industrial y el marco geopol&#237;tico</h3><p>La estrategia de semiconductores de China ha sido expl&#237;cita durante m&#225;s de una d&#233;cada. Made in China 2025 y la posterior pol&#237;tica de doble circulaci&#243;n colocaron a los chips de memoria cerca de la cima de la lista de prioridades. Las sucesivas inyecciones del Big Fund, la coinversi&#243;n de gobiernos locales, los arreglos preferenciales de tierra y energ&#237;a, y los programas de talento dirigidos han creado un entorno de financiamiento que las firmas privadas occidentales no pueden igualar en escala ni en paciencia.</p><p>La estrategia se intensific&#243; despu&#233;s de la serie de medidas de control de exportaciones de Estados Unidos que comenzaron en 2018 y se endurecieron entre 2022 y 2025. Las herramientas de litograf&#237;a avanzada de ASML, ciertos equipos de grabado y deposici&#243;n de Applied Materials y Lam Research, y el software de automatizaci&#243;n de dise&#241;o electr&#243;nico se colocaron bajo requisitos de licencia o prohibiciones directas para entidades chinas. Jap&#243;n y los Pa&#237;ses Bajos se alinearon con muchas de las mismas restricciones. El efecto pr&#225;ctico fue ralentizar el progreso chino en los nodos de proceso m&#225;s avanzados, mientras dejaba la producci&#243;n de DRAM de rango medio y m&#225;s antigua relativamente menos restringida.</p><p>CXMT ha respondido acelerando la sustituci&#243;n de equipos dom&#233;sticos donde es posible, redise&#241;ando flujos de procesos en torno a las herramientas disponibles y concentrando capital en capacidad que pueda servir a los grandes mercados chinos de servidores, smartphones y PCs. Los ingresos del IPO est&#225;n destinados a mayor capacidad, actualizaciones tecnol&#243;gicas e investigaci&#243;n en memoria de mayor rendimiento, incluidos los primeros esfuerzos en HBM.</p><h3>El escenario competitivo</h3><p>La industria global de DRAM ha sido durante mucho tiempo un oligopolio. En el primer trimestre de 2026, Samsung ostentaba aproximadamente el 38 por ciento de la participaci&#243;n en ingresos, SK Hynix el 29 por ciento y Micron el 22 por ciento. El 8 por ciento de CXMT la ubic&#243; en cuarto lugar, por delante de productores taiwaneses m&#225;s peque&#241;os. Los tres l&#237;deres todav&#237;a dominan la HBM avanzada, donde SK Hynix en particular ha mantenido una posici&#243;n dominante.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png" width="1456" height="831" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:831,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026 Driven by  AI Data Center Boom&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026 Driven by  AI Data Center Boom" title="Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026 Driven by  AI Data Center Boom" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JrUi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2cf8136e-8781-4b94-af4e-c51c3ac202f1_1535x876.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-revenue-surges-to-near-dollar-100-billion-mark-in-q1-2026">counterpointresearch.com</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp" width="1456" height="934" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:934,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;China's CXMT Is Coming to Crash the Memory-Chip Party - Bloomberg&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="China's CXMT Is Coming to Crash the Memory-Chip Party - Bloomberg" title="China's CXMT Is Coming to Crash the Memory-Chip Party - Bloomberg" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_NiA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32f642f2-73e3-428b-be77-50a23416d5cd_2010x1290.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2026-07-15/china-s-cxmt-is-coming-to-crash-the-memory-chip-party">bloomberg.com</a></p><p>La estructura de costos de CXMT se beneficia de menores costos de capital y de escala dom&#233;stica. Su tecnolog&#237;a de procesos va a la zaga de los l&#237;deres, particularmente en los nodos m&#225;s avanzados y en los rendimientos de apilamiento de HBM. El poder de fijaci&#243;n de precios, por lo tanto, permanece limitado fuera de China. Sin embargo, las adiciones de capacidad planificadas por la compa&#241;&#237;a hasta 2027 y 2028 son lo suficientemente grandes como para influir en los balances de oferta global. Si el superciclo de memoria de IA contin&#250;a, la producci&#243;n incremental china puede ser absorbida. Si la demanda se modera, el riesgo de sobrecapacidad y presi&#243;n de precios aumenta para toda la industria.</p><h3>Valoraci&#243;n del mercado</h3><p>Los mercados de valores chinos, particularmente el mercado STAR, tienen una capacidad bien documentada para movimientos extremos del primer d&#237;a cuando el free float es reducido y la participaci&#243;n minorista es alta. El debut de CXMT se sit&#250;a en el extremo superior de ese rango hist&#243;rico. Las comparaciones con la cotizaci&#243;n de SMIC de 2020 en el mismo tablero son inevitables; la escala y la narrativa de IA esta vez son mayores.</p><p>Los m&#250;ltiplos de valoraci&#243;n al precio posterior al IPO colocan a CXMT en una prima sustancial respecto a los pares globales sobre las ganancias actuales, aunque la prima se estrecha si se acepta la trayectoria de crecimiento implicada por los planes de capacidad y las ganancias de participaci&#243;n de mercado. Los inversionistas estrat&#233;gicos que entraron al precio del IPO disfrutan de ganancias en papel que ya son transformadoras. Los inversionistas minoristas que compraron en el mercado secundario enfrentan un perfil de riesgo-recompensa diferente.</p><p>El episodio tambi&#233;n ilustra el cambio m&#225;s amplio en la asignaci&#243;n de capital china hacia temas de autosuficiencia tecnol&#243;gica. La propiedad de acciones de hogares, pensiones y fondos chinos ha alcanzado niveles r&#233;cord. Los nombres de tecnolog&#237;a absorben una proporci&#243;n creciente de ese capital.</p><h3>Riesgos en el horizonte</h3><p>Varias restricciones permanecen. La tecnolog&#237;a HBM avanzada, cr&#237;tica para los sistemas de IA de mayor rendimiento, todav&#237;a est&#225; dominada por los productores coreanos y estadounidenses. El rendimiento y la confiabilidad en el borde de vanguardia contin&#250;an rezagados. Un mayor endurecimiento de los controles de exportaci&#243;n podr&#237;a ralentizar la expansi&#243;n de capacidad o elevar los costos. La sobrecapacidad dom&#233;stica es un riesgo recurrente en los ciclos de pol&#237;tica industrial china; si la inversi&#243;n global en IA se detiene, los wafers chinos adicionales podr&#237;an presionar los precios en toda la industria.</p><p>La escalada geopol&#237;tica sigue siendo posible. Los gobiernos y empresas occidentales contin&#250;an evaluando los riesgos de concentraci&#243;n de la cadena de suministro. Los responsables de la pol&#237;tica china, por su parte, ven la independencia en memoria como una necesidad estrat&#233;gica. Las dos posiciones no se reconcilian f&#225;cilmente.</p><h3>An&#225;lisis de redes: mapeando la reconfiguraci&#243;n del ecosistema de DRAM</h3><p>El IPO de CXMT proporciona una ventana emp&#237;rica clara sobre un cambio estructural m&#225;s profundo: la reconfiguraci&#243;n de la red global de la cadena de suministro de DRAM bajo las presiones gemelas de la demanda de IA y el desacoplamiento tecnol&#243;gico.</p><p>Considere el ecosistema como una red adaptativa compleja. Los nodos principales son los cuatro grandes productores de DRAM (CXMT, Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron), los proveedores cr&#237;ticos de equipos (ASML, Applied Materials, Lam Research, Tokyo Electron), los proveedores de materiales y qu&#237;micos especializados, los principales clientes (NVIDIA y otros dise&#241;adores de aceleradores, hiperescaladores, firmas de IA chinas y OEMs) y los actores estatales y regulatorios capaces de agregar o eliminar conexiones.</p><p>Los bordes representan el comercio f&#237;sico de wafers, herramientas y qu&#237;micos, la licencia de tecnolog&#237;a o su ausencia, los v&#237;nculos de capital y propiedad, la movilidad de talento y los contratos de suministro a largo plazo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png" width="1456" height="436" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:436,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1079556,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/i/208709106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jyiN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F628377bd-154e-4935-98ec-9fe7533cc1b5_8192x2455.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En t&#233;rminos de redes, el cambio m&#225;s visible es el aumento en el grado y la centralidad de autovector de CXMT. El capital recaudado en el IPO ampl&#237;a su capacidad para formar nuevos bordes de proveedores y clientes dom&#233;sticos, aumentando su conectividad dentro del subgrafo chino. Simult&#225;neamente, la centralidad de intermediaci&#243;n de los nodos de equipos occidentales restringidos permanece alta: contin&#250;an actuando como puentes cr&#237;ticos para los productores tradicionales mientras que sus bordes hacia las firmas chinas se han adelgazado o cortado.</p><p>Los algoritmos de detecci&#243;n de comunidades aplicados a datos de comercio y propiedad mostrar&#237;an un aumento de la modularidad. Se est&#225; formando un cl&#250;ster dom&#233;stico chino m&#225;s denso, con v&#237;nculos internos m&#225;s estrechos de capital, sustituci&#243;n de equipos y clientes, mientras que el cl&#250;ster tradicional de Asia Oriental y Occidental retiene sus propias interconexiones densas. La red global se est&#225; volviendo m&#225;s modular, menos plenamente conectada.</p><p>El an&#225;lisis de robustez apunta en dos direcciones. La densificaci&#243;n interna de China mejora la resiliencia local a la eliminaci&#243;n de bordes externos. La red global en su conjunto se vuelve m&#225;s fr&#225;gil en el sentido de que los choques ahora se propagan a lo largo de caminos paralelos en lugar de integrados; una disrupci&#243;n en un cl&#250;ster no cascada autom&#225;ticamente al otro, pero la p&#233;rdida de redundancia entre cl&#250;steres reduce la flexibilidad general.</p><p>La adhesi&#243;n preferencial es visible en los flujos de capital. La demanda de IA funciona como un par&#225;metro de fitness. Los nodos que pueden reclamar de manera cre&#237;ble exposici&#243;n a esa demanda atraen inversi&#243;n desproporcionada. El IPO de CXMT es una inyecci&#243;n grande y discreta de ese capital preferencial en el nodo chino.</p><p>Los efectos en cascada siguen la din&#225;mica est&#225;ndar de las redes de producci&#243;n. Una adici&#243;n sustancial de capacidad por parte de CXMT altera las tasas de utilizaci&#243;n y las se&#241;ales de precios que viajan a trav&#233;s de los bordes de clientes y competidores. Una intensificaci&#243;n de la demanda de IA eleva el fitness de cada nodo de memoria y acelera las decisiones de inversi&#243;n a trav&#233;s del grafo. Por el contrario, un mayor endurecimiento de los controles de exportaci&#243;n elimina bordes y fuerza la reconfiguraci&#243;n de recetas de procesos y relaciones con proveedores, con los consecuentes retrasos y aumentos de costos.</p><p>La acci&#243;n de precios de un solo d&#237;a funciona, por lo tanto, como una observaci&#243;n de alta resoluci&#243;n de un cambio topol&#243;gico m&#225;s lento que ha estado en marcha durante varios a&#241;os.</p><h3>Perspectiva</h3><p>Las cotizaciones tecnol&#243;gicas chinas anteriores, notablemente el debut de SMIC en el mercado STAR de 2020, produjeron ganancias agudas del primer d&#237;a pero enfrentaron posteriores restricciones tecnol&#243;gicas y de acceso al mercado. El ciclo de memoria de 2017-2018 mostr&#243; con qu&#233; rapidez las adiciones de capacidad pueden convertir la escasez en excedente. El episodio actual combina elementos de ambos: construcci&#243;n de capacidad impulsada por pol&#237;tica que se encuentra con un repunte de demanda genuino impulsado por la tecnolog&#237;a.</p><p>Durante los pr&#243;ximos dos a cinco a&#241;os, el mercado de memoria estar&#225; moldeado por tres variables: la durabilidad de la inversi&#243;n de los hiperescaladores en IA, la velocidad a la que CXMT y otros productores chinos cierren las brechas tecnol&#243;gicas restantes, y la evoluci&#243;n de los reg&#237;menes de control de exportaciones. Los planes de capacidad ya anunciados implican que la producci&#243;n china de DRAM seguir&#225; ganando participaci&#243;n. Si esa participaci&#243;n se absorbe de manera fluida o produce per&#237;odos de oferta excedente depender&#225; m&#225;s de la primera variable que de la segunda.</p><p>Para la seguridad del suministro global, la estructura de red paralela reduce la dependencia de un solo punto de cualquier geograf&#237;a mientras aumenta el costo y la complejidad de gestionar un sistema bifurcado. Para los inversionistas, la valoraci&#243;n colocada en CXMT incorpora ganancias sustanciales de centralidad futura. La precisi&#243;n de esa valoraci&#243;n ser&#225; puesta a prueba por la ejecuci&#243;n en tecnolog&#237;a, rendimientos y calificaci&#243;n de clientes a lo largo de los ciclos venideros.</p><h3>Conclusi&#243;n </h3><p>Los eventos del 27 de julio de 2026 no crearon la nueva arquitectura de la industria de la memoria. Simplemente hicieron visibles sus contornos en una sola sesi&#243;n de mercado extraordinaria. El capital ahora disponible para CXMT acelerar&#225; la misma reconfiguraci&#243;n de redes que la valoraci&#243;n ya anticipa. C&#243;mo se asiente esa reconfiguraci&#243;n influir&#225; no solo en la rentabilidad de cuatro productores de DRAM, sino en el costo y la disponibilidad de la memoria que sostiene la pr&#243;xima generaci&#243;n de sistemas de c&#243;mputo.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;Chipmaker CXMT vaults to top of China&#8217;s valuation with 466% surge in Shanghai debut&#8221;, 27 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-memory-chipmaker-cxmt-set-shanghai-debut-after-asias-biggest-ipo-2026-07-26/">https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-memory-chipmaker-cxmt-set-shanghai-debut-after-asias-biggest-ipo-2026-07-26/</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters, &#8220;Explainer: What is CXMT and how did it become China&#8217;s DRAM champion&#8221;, 15 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-is-cxmt-how-did-it-become-chinas-dram-champion-2026-07-15/">https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-is-cxmt-how-did-it-become-chinas-dram-champion-2026-07-15/</a></p></li><li><p>Counterpoint Research, &#8220;Global DRAM and HBM Market Share: Quarterly&#8221;, junio de 2026: <a href="https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-and-hbm-market-share">https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-and-hbm-market-share</a></p></li><li><p>Counterpoint Research, &#8220;Global DRAM Revenue Surges to Near $100-billion Mark in Q1 2026&#8221;, mayo de 2026: <a href="https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-revenue-surges-to-near-dollar-100-billion-mark-in-q1-2026">https://counterpointresearch.com/en/insights/global-dram-revenue-surges-to-near-dollar-100-billion-mark-in-q1-2026</a></p></li><li><p>SemiAnalysis, &#8220;China&#8217;s CXMT Is Set to Challenge DRAM Incumbents&#8221;, junio de 2026: </p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:203118960,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/chinas-cxmt-is-set-to-challenge-dram&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:6349492,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:1593863,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;SemiAnalysis&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-cKQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc56db922-37c2-4d28-baac-2f4653e1ab00_512x512.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;China&#8217;s CXMT Is Set to Challenge DRAM Incumbents&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;We were the first to describe the memory shortage coming from AI&#8217;s insatiable usage in reasoning and agentic flows in late 2024 on the newsletter. 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href="https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/chinas-cxmt-is-set-to-challenge-dram?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;embedding_publication_id=1593863"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-cKQ!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc56db922-37c2-4d28-baac-2f4653e1ab00_512x512.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">SemiAnalysis</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">China&#8217;s CXMT Is Set to Challenge DRAM Incumbents</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">We were the first to describe the memory shortage coming from AI&#8217;s insatiable usage in reasoning and agentic flows in late 2024 on the newsletter. We have since previously published multiple in-depth pieces on memory, as well as detailed coverage of CXMT and China&#8217;s compute. With CXMT set to IPO in the coming months, we believe a dedicated deep dive on them specifically is warranted. The company&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">2 months ago &#183; 195 likes &#183; 2 comments &#183; Ray Wang, Myron Xie, Dylan Patel, Junsung Kim, Sravan Kundojjala, and Louis Lu</div></a></div><ul><li><p>South China Morning Post, &#8220;China&#8217;s CXMT valued at US$85 billion in record Shanghai IPO&#8221;, 15 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360615/china-memory-giant-cxmt-valued-us85-billion-record-shanghai-ipo">https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360615/china-memory-giant-cxmt-valued-us85-billion-record-shanghai-ipo</a></p></li><li><p>Wall Street Journal, &#8220;China&#8217;s CXMT Eyes $85.5 Billion Market Cap Ahead of Blockbuster IPO&#8221;, 15 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/chinas-cxmt-eyes-85-5-billion-market-cap-ahead-of-blockbuster-ipo-da13d61c">https://www.wsj.com/tech/chinas-cxmt-eyes-85-5-billion-market-cap-ahead-of-blockbuster-ipo-da13d61c</a></p></li><li><p>Bloomberg / Yahoo Finance cobertura del debut y valoraci&#243;n: <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/technology/articles/chinese-chipmaker-cxmt-soars-more-033846433.html">https://finance.yahoo.com/technology/articles/chinese-chipmaker-cxmt-soars-more-033846433.html</a></p></li><li><p>Fortune, &#8220;A Chinese chip maker&#8217;s shares surged 466% in their first day of trading&#8221;, 27 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://fortune.com/2026/07/27/cxmt-china-biggest-ipo-since-2010/">https://fortune.com/2026/07/27/cxmt-china-biggest-ipo-since-2010/</a></p></li><li><p>BBC, reporte sobre din&#225;mica de free float y reacci&#243;n del mercado, 27 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9q9w3x9qn2o">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9q9w3x9qn2o</a></p></li><li><p>Reuters / datos de aduanas chinas sobre exportaciones relacionadas con IA, julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-june-trade-tops-forecasts-buoyed-by-ai-boom-2026-07-14/">https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-june-trade-tops-forecasts-buoyed-by-ai-boom-2026-07-14/</a></p></li><li><p>SCMP, &#8220;Global AI boom sees China&#8217;s chip exports nearly double in first half of year&#8221;, 14 de julio de 2026: <a href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360503/global-ai-boom-sees-chinas-chip-exports-nearly-double-first-half-year">https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3360503/global-ai-boom-sees-chinas-chip-exports-nearly-double-first-half-year</a></p></li><li><p>Entrada de Wikipedia sobre ChangXin Memory Technologies (actualizada 2026): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies</a></p></li><li><p>Sitio web de CXMT: <a href="https://www.cxmt.com/en/">https://www.cxmt.com/en/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><p>_____</p><p><em><strong>Sobre el Autor</strong></em></p><p>Jos&#233; Luis Ch&#225;vez Calva es un consultor internacional independiente y economista especializado en mercados energ&#233;ticos, tecnolog&#237;a, teor&#237;a de redes e innovaci&#243;n. Posee un Doctorado en Econom&#237;a por la Universidad de Essex y anteriormente se desempe&#241;&#243; en la Secretar&#237;a de Hacienda y Cr&#233;dito P&#250;blico de M&#233;xico (SHCP) y como Titular de Unidad del Sector El&#233;ctrico en la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE). Ha sido asesor independiente durante los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os y cuenta con m&#225;s de 18 a&#241;os de experiencia profesional. Es receptor de becas para estudios de posgrado del CONACYT y del Premio Nacional de Finanzas P&#250;blicas 2011 del Congreso de la Uni&#243;n de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Ninguna idea original es suya, todos los errores le pertenecen. Este articulo no es consejo para inversi&#243;n.</p><p><span>Archivo completo de art&#237;culos: </span><a href="http://joseluischavezcalva.substack.com/">joseluischavezcalva.substack.com</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>